Reflection in Philippine Literature

Following 7 years I proceeded with my investigations, I am energized on the primary day of school, in light of the fact that for me this new test in my life, My first subject is â€Å"Philippine Literature in English (Phil. lit. )†, there was a woman entered in our study hall, I think she was additionally one of the understudies, yet I'm off-base she is our instructor, in light of the fact that the educator sit in work area and demonstrated that she is our instructor in that subject, Ms. Marites Nillo was her name, â€Å"a basic lady yet charming† I said to myself. Philippine writing alludes to all writing from the Philippines, written in Spanish, English, Tagalog, and an assortment of other Philippine dialects. Philippine writing prospered during the Spanish time frame (nineteenth century) and the principal half of the twentieth century. The writing of the Philippines covers an assortment of kinds, most prominently verse and metrical sentiments, composition, dramatizations, strict shows, and common dramatizations. Philippine writing is the way to find reality of my self. In many cases seeing what is truth from fiction is truly confounding. It hushes up hard to discern whether a specific thing comes clean or it is only an entire untruth, distribution of reality, made so as to delude. Philippine writing is a spring leading group of reality that is passed on from age to age by our progenitors which is given to us with care. The explanation is that if the fact of the matter is controlled, reality will never be reality any more however only such an information. There is an idiom that all realities are information yet not all information is truth. I have discovered that Philippine writing has presented to me the acknowledgment of esteeming the feeling of being of a genuine Filipino, regardless of what have occurred in our history that we are once captives of the remote trespassers. Be that as it may, the quest for satisfaction edifies the hearts of the Filipinos into the light of another country. The rich social legacy of our progenitors has thought me a great deal of things about the lifestyle. For example the alamat The birthplace of things and occasions that typically describes about the beginning of man, the importance of life, the steady hunt of reality and the significant significance of life that bathala has brought us. This thing truly interests me and gives me the atisfaction of looking for increasingly about an amazing significance through the lives of our progenitors and the association of their lives to my life. I have gained additionally from their models and astute maxims, that has been developed however their difficulties. These encounters ordinarily instruct about handy reasoning and its application to life, that a large portion of the Filipino are utilizing now as a manual for day by day living. I additionally figured out how to make Elegy, and the fact of the matter is after I submitted Elegy I disposed of it, since I don’t need to feel that what somebody state when I was dead. One genuine case of an astute saying is: nasa Diyos ang awa nasa tao ang gawa. (God helps those individuals who help them selves. ) This maxim gives me the motivation that even before the hour of our precursors they as of now have the impression of the presence of a one genuine God, who has the ability to do signs and ponders in our life. That is the reason we have figured out how to ask and continually soliciting God’s help in all affliction from our life with the end goal for us to be a gainful resident of our country. This reality implies that our precursors have as of now the feeling of strictness that in life there ought to be somebody that is more prominent than us, in life there is actually the perfect hand that is continually controlling us in everything that we are doing and things that we are attempting to accomplish. There have been some very much regarded Filipino writers throughout the entire existence of the Philippines, especially writers, for example, Jose Rizal, whose composition during the Spanish pilgrim period assisted with assembling and change the thinking about the Filipino individuals against the Spanish in their triumph of the nation and offer pride to the Filipino individuals. It was the dubious compositions of Rizal that turned into a factor in his execution by the Spanish. The Philippines, having been under Spanish standard for almost three centuries, changed hands to American principle following the Spanish-American War and a great deal of the writing that followed gave a professional Hispanic subject as the nation adjusted to life under American guideline, around then leaning toward life under Spanish guideline. Likewise I found out about the other National Heroes did in our nation, as Marcelo H. Del Pilar, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Antonio Luna, Mariano Ponce, Jose Ma. Panganiban, and Pedro Paterno, they are the main in Propaganda Movement. The investigation of writing during this period (the twentieth and 21st Century works) gives captivating knowledge to the change that was going on in the Philippines and how the Filipino individuals were managing this. Thusly the investigation of Philippine writing is entirely an investigation of part of the historical backdrop of both Spain and America and shows how the Filipino individuals identified with these nations. The compositions likewise point to the character of the Filipino individuals during this time and their battle to have a free personality under the burden of remote rulers. I have understood that Philippine writing has affected me so much that it turned into my perspective and feeling toward the valuation for the excellence of life. Actually, in all actuality Philippine writing exists in the deepest seat of my heart. What's more, nobody would ever remove it from me. It implies that I am a Filipino in thought, words and in real life is the aftereffect of my encounters of Philippine writing in my life. This motivation has helped me to find reality of my deepest self.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Prefabrication As Construction Method Construction Essay

Points of interest And Disadvantages Of Prefabrication As Construction Method Construction Essay The point of this examination is to set up whether an expanded utilization of off-site assembling will create a more vitality proficient lodging stock, as the UK draws nearer to its carbon decrease cutoff time. The targets of this examination are; To distinguish the key favorable circumstances and inconveniences of construction as a development technique, and to build up how these are feasible contrasted with customary strategies. To distinguish the present necessities for vitality productivity in new form houses. To distinguish the necessities of the Climate Change Act 2008 and how this will influence the development business. To build up the present use and assessment of construction/off-site fabricate in the development business The UK is will undoubtedly cut its green house gas outflows under the Climate Change Act 2008. These cuts are a 34% decrease by 2022 and a general 80% decrease by 2050, contrasted with the pattern outflow esteem from 1990. This is certainly not a logical quantitative investigation of the really vitality efficiencies of the development technique, yet a greater amount of a top to bottom subjective investigation of the highlights of construction. This will be finished by surveying existing writing on the theme and contrasting this with genuine suppositions and use in the development business. These conclusions and the degree of usage of construction inside the development business will be set up utilizing surveys. From this examination it is trusted that there are ecological advantages to utilizing off-site produce/construction. This should then be appeared in the development business by its undeniably use. With the UKs lodging stock creating around 30% of the UKs complete carbon discharges, it is where tremendous ecological increases can be made (House of Commons 2005). In spite of the fact that the Climate Change Act 2008 isn't explicitly focused on the development business, the Chief Executive of the Committee on Climate Change, David Kennedy has called for activity in four key zones; the technique by which power is delivered, expanding the utilization of electric vehicle, lessening the carbon impression of ranches in the UK and an expansion in the development of vitality proficient homes (Adam 2010). Numerous reports, particularly from construction producers themselves express the advantages of off-site development over conventional techniques. These incorporate a sped up development, better wellbeing and security conditions nearby, better nature of conclusive item and a lesser all out cost when economies of scale apply. Anyway while watching building locales; off-site development appears to not be incorporated and conventional techniques for development appear to rule. This investigation intends to discover the real utilization of pre-assembled, off-site segments inside the business, and the reasons experts have for either utilizing, or not utilizing this development technique. The speculation for this examination expresses that the present utilization of off-site produced segments will have a positive connection to the apparent advantages from utilizing them. For instance if the apparent advantages of the utilizing off-site fabricated segments are extraordinary, at that point it is anticipated that their utilization will be basic inside development. Then again if the highlights of construction are not enormously useful contrasted with conventional strategies, it is anticipated that the utilization of off-site make in the development business will be low. These presumptions have been made because of basic thinking, being that; if something is more valuable than another, it will be picked all the more frequently. Some essential issues that may happen in this specific research undertaking could include the member structure. For instance since this is a little scope look into venture, just a sensibly modest number of experts will be reached to finish the poll. This will imply that the outcomes from the information gathered can not be summed up to the remainder of the development business. Another issue may happen with the arrival pace of the survey. The normal return rate is 30%; this implies from the 60 polls sent, around 18 are relied upon to be returned. Another issue may happen in light of the fact that the data created about the frameworks is generally delivered by the producers themselves, and might be one-sided. The speculation will be acknowledged whether the essential writing search expresses that there are clear focal points to construction, and the business study shows that it is as a rule progressively utilized as a development technique. It will be dismissed if there is no noteworthy relationship between's the revealed benefits and the utilization of the development strategy. This paper will take the accompanying structure. Initial a writing survey will be attempted to set up completely known data on the branch of knowledge. This segment will incorporate investigation of writing to set up what the expressed advantages of construction are contrasted with conventional techniques for development. Instances of every development technique will be broke down and territories where the advantages or burdens emerge will be featured. The Climate Change Act 2008 will be explored to find out the necessities the UK is will undoubtedly satisfy. The present vitality effectiveness necessities will be taken from an investigation of the Building Regulations. At that point a system will be made which will include figuring addresses that have not been replied from the writing audit. A member configuration will be recognized and a legitimization for its choice made. The determination and the reason behind the examination strategy picked will at that point be made. The polls will at that point be conveyed and the information dissected from the data gathered. A progression of tables and charts will be created to distinguish any importance in the outcomes gathered. A conversation will at that point occur to conclude why the information gathered has been created and the effect it might have on the data we definitely know. Ends will at that point be made that will sum up the discoveries and demonstrate any restrictions to the investigation that ought to be redressed whenever done once more. This segment may feature territories for additional exploration. Toward the finish of the archive, a segment of references and informative supplements will be incorporated. 2. Writing Review 2.1 Prefabrication Construction is a term used to depict the development of structures or building parts at an area, normally a plant, remote from the structure site. (Emmitt, S. 2010) Construction can likewise be known as off-site construction (OSP), off-site produce (OSM) and as a cutting edge technique for development (MMC) (Taylor 2010). It has been utilized in large scale manufacturing of lodging since the mid twentieth century (Arieff, A 2002). Construction need just influence the development procedure and not the finished result (BRE 2001). It is basic practice these days to utilize pre-assembled segments, for example, trussed rooftops and precast solid segments, anyway for the motivations behind this examination, the terms construction and off-site produce are applied to greater parts, for example, completely fitted can units appeared in Figure 1ab and outside divider hinders with windows preinstalled and interior completions applied. Figure 1a Source; http://www.archiexpo.com Figure 1b Source; http://www.stcinc.net/bahamar.html Figure 1a/1b; a pre-assembled latrine and kitchen case, fit to be lifted and made sure about on location. Picture and execution issues in the past have upset the utilization of construction, so it is valuable to consider the history to check whether similar issues exist today. The large scale manufacturing of pre-assembled segments began in the mid twentieth century; anyway there are instances of its previous use, including the UKs first iron scaffold developed in 1779 at Colebrookdale (BRE 2001). The significant push for the utilization of construction in the lodging market happened after both the First and Second World War (Arieff, A 2002). This was because of the time of reproduction to represent the absence of new structures developed during the contention, and the current structures that were harmed as an outcome of the contention. Construction fit the necessities of the occasions as it gave a quick and reasonable answer for the lodging lack. It tended to the need development aptitudes that existed after the wars and gave occupations in the industrial facilities to numerous individuals. It additionally gave an answer regarding how to manage the enormous offices that were built for weapon produce during the war. Construction empowered compelling material administration, diminishing wastage. This was significant at the time as there was a deficiency in materials after the huge spotlight on creation of parts utilized for war. In October 1944 the Housing (Temporary Accommodat ion) Act was passed that enabled the Government to burn through  £150M on the development of transitory lodging. This prompted around 157,000 impermanent houses being raised from 1945-1948 (BRE 2001). This figure is less at that point was foreseen by the program and along these lines prompted the poor view of the development technique. Components that have likewise eased back improvement of off-site make incorporate the low quality of prior frameworks, the trouble associated with the upkeep of frameworks introduced after the war and the poor tender loving care that was fused into their structure additionally hampered the turn of events (BRE 2001). Because of the distinction in physical development forms contrasted with customary development, construction creates the chance to exploit numerous advantages. Thusly new OSM frameworks brag numerous points of interest from utilizing off-site fabricate as an essential development technique. These incorporate a sped up development. A contextual investigation from secluded structure contractual workers Unite Modular Solutions reports of a 76 module, 32 independent pads conspire in London that was completely raised in 8 days (Unite 2009). An examination embraced by Davis Langdon and Everest found that for the Peabody Trusts Murray

Shakespeare - Relevance in the 21st Century free essay sample

Shakespeare is an artist and writer that lived in the late sixteenth century and was known for composing generally welcomed plays. Indeed, even now in the twenty-first century, his plays are notable around the globe. Individuals may ask, for what reason would a dramatist from the sixteenth century despite everything be the focal point of consideration in the twenty-first century? Numerous properties of Shakespeare’s plays add to this suffering nature. One potential explanation is the enormous spread of understandings conceivable in Shakespeare’s plays. Another conceivable explanation is the plays Shakespeare compose center around feelings that are general to mankind. The characters in Shakespeare’s plays have complex characters and have an assortment of translation. The mixes of these reasons are the reason Shakespeare is as yet well known in the present time. The plays composed by Shakespeare are available to expansive translation fundamentally because of the absence of things that would be viewed as basic in theater in current time [1]. We will compose a custom paper test on Shakespeare Relevance in the 21st Century or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page These things incorporate lighting, garments and appropriate throwing of jobs. Lighting takes into account an all the more understanding feeling of state of mind in a play, permitting the crowd to feel the mind-set of the characters in the play. Garments shows the various rankings of order in a play just as a feeling of the disposition of the character that is wearing the garments. Legitimate throwing of rules makes the feelings and considerations of the character simpler to perceive in light of the fact that the crowd can utilize generalizations of the actors’ characters to decide the character of the characters they are depicting. The expansive understandings keep the enthusiasm of the crowd as they can envision the various intentions and considerations untold experiencing the brains of the characters. A case of the various understandings conceivable in Shakespeare’s plays can be found in how individuals decipher Macbeth, an acclaimed play by Shakespeare. The monarchist perusing of the play shows King Duncan, the leader of Scotland at the time as being righteous, where the entirety of his activities were right and any activity taken against him was viewed as malicious [2]. Macbeth was viewed as a heathen bound to bite the dust from the second he submitted the grave sin of killing King Duncan so as to pick up authority. Interestingly, the institutional perusing accuses to the arrangement of government itself, expressing that it advances the murdering of higher situations so as to pick up the situation for the individual submitting the demonstration. The institutional perusing demonstrates the activities of Macbeth not out of the ordinary of an individual prodded to a degree where allurement overwhelms them. The expansive understandings are one reason Shakespeare is as yet regarded in the present time. The fundamental focal points of Shakespeare’s plays are generally all around justifiable feelings that individuals feel [1]. These feelings incorporate love, loathe, desire, enthusiasm and dread. Love and abhor are two feelings that exist ordinarily on the planet. Both for the most part contain a lot of enthusiasm for an individual and can wind up with very extraordinary outcomes in certain conditions. In Shakespeare’s plays, these feelings normally cause the demise of characters. Desire is like detest yet unique as far as thought process. Rather than this, Shakespeare’s plays typically have desire and loathe connected at the hip and together, cause murder and other incident to characters. Dread causes characters in Shakespeare’s plays to act without much earlier idea or thought process and can make harm the character alongside characters that encompass said character. As these feelings can be effortlessly identified with most of the crowd, it gets and keeps the intrigue. A case of the general feelings in Shakespeare’s play can be found in the play, Macbeth. In Macbeth, most of the essential characters face at least one of these feelings to a degree where they submit murder or some other demonstration of treachery. A case of this is the executing of Banquo. This is a case of the feeling of dread, as his demise was not one that essentially needed to occur, making it a brisk judgment without much earlier reasoning. Macbeth requested professional killers to execute Banquo and his child so as to hush up about the witches’ prediction so nobody associates him with killing King Duncan. Regardless of whether this would have influenced his mystery is obscure, yet the deed makes Macbeth be very blame ridden and in the long run causes his thrashing toward the finish of the play. Characters in Shakespeare’s plays for the most part have extremely complex characters suggested through the weird assortment of their activities [1]. Characters in Shakespeare can be effortlessly impacted by occasions around them. These occasions are ordinarily very horrendous to the character and cause the character to think in manners that differentiate their old perspective. This outcomes in activities at first unusual by means of the old characters character. A case of this in Shakespeare’s play is appeared in the play, Macbeth. In Macbeth, the hero Macbeth is told his future by the witches where they express that he will rapidly advance through social statuses. In the wake of hearing the prediction, Macbeth’s attitude changes and he inevitably executes King Duncan so as to accomplish sovereignty. This vicious change in character would not have been normal at first as he was presented as a devoted worker of the King. A few readings of the play propose that killing the King was consistently in his heart and the unexpected position change to Thane of Crawdor alongside the witches’ prediction basically raised what was at that point in his heart. Another case of a mind boggling character in Macbeth is Lady Macbeth. Woman Macbeth is at first appeared as a lady with a man-like character through her monolog where she expresses that she would tear an infant from her bosom and run its minds out in the event that she expected to. In the play, she persuades Macbeth to play out the deed of slaughtering King Duncan and after the deed is done, says how she would have carried out the thing herself if just the ruler didn't appear to be like her dad. Later all through the play, she continues acting more abnormal as the blame of the deed at long last faces her. Before the finish of the play, she had ended it all, incapable to deal with the deed she had helped with performing. The mind boggling characters in Shakespeare’s plays are one reason that Shakespeare is as yet celebrated in the twenty-first century. In this time and day, Shakespeare is as yet a renowned dramatist whose plays are known to many. The reasons why incorporate the decent variety of understandings of the different characters and implications all through the plays, the generally justifiable feelings that most of the crowd can identify with and the unpredictability of the numerous characters in the plays of Shakespeare. Right up 'til the present time, and later on too, his works will even now be regarded as the grand endeavors they seem to be. Book index Anon. , 2010. Shakespeares Enduring Nature. [Online] Accessible at: http://shakespeareanscribblings. wordpress. com/2010/08/30/shakespeares-suffering nature/[Accessed 30 April 2013]. Jamieson, L. , n. d. Macbeth Character Analysis. [Online] Available at: http://shakespeare. about. com/od/macbeth/a/Macbeth_Character_Analysis. htm [Accessed 30 April 2013]. Mabillard, A. , 2012. Amanda Mabillard. [Online] Available at: http://www. shakespeare-on the web. com/life story/whystudyshakespeare. html [Accessed 30 April 2013]. White, R. S. , 1995. Shakespeares Macbeth. In: Horizon concentrates in writing. South Melbourne: Sydney University Press, pp. 8-9.

Problems of Democracy in Pakistan Essay

Following quite a while of military tyrannies followed by hoax majority rule government, the circumstance in Pakistan has arrived at such a point, that the majority are longing for radical change. Their enduring is huge as the individuals at the top keep on advancing themselves at the costly of the laborers and workers, teaming up with dominion as it rides unpleasant shod over the individuals of Pakistan. Everything is moving to an unavoidable progressive blast. Pakistan’s Supreme Court in its decision of 16 December, 2009 announced the famous NRO invalid and void abdominal muscle initio. The National Reconciliation Ordinance of October 2007 was proclaimed by the then President of Pakistan General Parvaiz Musharraf. It was the result of an arrangement he had hit with Benazir Bhutto, life Chairperson of the Pakistan People’s Party in an undercover gathering in Abu Dhabi. The arrangement was facilitated by the United States and Britain. The point was to make another arrangement that could encourage the settler war and different interests in this tempestuous area. As indicated by this law all instances of government officials including debasement, murder, coercion, kidnappings and different offensive wrongdoings would be pulled back. A portion of the significant recipients are currently in power including Benazir’s single man Zardari, presently the President of Pakistan and a portion of his most vile priests. The other primary recipient is the Muteheda Qaumi Movement, MQM, whose pioneer, an absconder occupant in London for quite a while, and its other driving figures were dealing with indictments of homicide and different wrongdoings. The MQM is a mafia-type association with neo-fundamentalist inclinations and its principle ideological stuff depends on ethnic clash. The present fair regulation is the result of such an odious structure. After Benazir’s death in December 2007 Musharraf’s destiny was fixed. The arrangement B came vigorously and Zardari having a long standing relationship with US authorities was slung into the administration with his firm confirmation that he would be more compliant to the Americans than Musharraf or Benazir would ever have been. The Electoral College for this political race are contained individuals from the National and common congregations who were chosen in the February 2008 decisions, the aftereffects of which were customized in Washington to serve the radical methodologies. Amusingly this unanimity, or â€Å"reconciliation†, between all the gatherings in Parliament was provoked by an aggregate dread with respect to these agents of the decision class in the wake of the beginnings of a mass development that they saw on the appearance of Benazir from oust in Karachi on October 18, 2007 and later after the blast of the fierceness of the laborers, workers and youth at the updates on her death on December 27, 2007. After a significant stretch of anguish, the persecuted in Pakistan had ascended with the expectation that the pioneer of their customary gathering, the PPP under Benazir Bhutto, would be a guide of progress and free them from the persistent hopelessness and misery. The Americans had just gotten their work done with the PPP chiefs, who basically originate from the rich classes, to redirect this upheaval into a vote based political decision and veneer of â€Å"democracy†. These pioneers suffocated the mass indignation and revolt in distress and misery. They would not require a general strike for the races to be hung on the booked date of January 8, 2008 and obstructed the development. This allowed a chance to the Pakistani state and its colonialist bosses to refocus their powers and fight off the danger of a progressive change. The Military in Pakistan has governed straightforwardly for the greater part of the country’s 62 years of checkered history. All the military systems were upheld and propped up by US government. During the â€Å"democratic† recesses the predicament of the majority kept on breaking down. After the principal decade (1947-58) of law based systems, such was the emergency that when Martial Law was forced by Field Martial Ayub Khan there was even a liberating sensation among a few segments of society. Ayub Khan had the rudeness to state in one of his underlying articulations â€Å"we must comprehend that majority rules system can't work in a hot atmosphere. To have popular government we should have a chilly atmosphere like Britain. † General Ayub told the primary gathering of his bureau, â€Å"As far as you are worried there is just a single international safe haven that issues in this nation: the American Embassy. † The Ayub autocracy set out upon an aspiring monetary, agrarian and mechanical program during the 1960s, fundamentally supported by â€Å"US Aid† and the World Bank. In spite of the fact that Pakistan accomplished its most noteworthy development rates under Ayub, Keynesian financial approaches neglected to improve the parcel of the majority. The irritated social inconsistencies detonated into the insurgency of 1968-69 that was on a very basic level of a communist character. See Pakistan’s Other Story-The 1968-69 Revolution]. The disappointment of the current left initiative to give an unmistakable progressive program and point of view to the development brought about the ascent of the Populism of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. Because of the nonattendance of a Bolshevik-Leninist progressive gathering the insurgency was lost. Yet, it shook the entire of South Asia. The decision classes at first attempted to force Martial Law once more. Be that as it may, its inability to control the tide brought about the main races dependent on the grown-up establishment in 1970 where the PPP turned into the biggest party in West Pakistan. Having neglected to abridge the progressive wave that punctured through the polling form, at last the decision classes depended on a war with India, which prompted the separation of Pakistan and afterward Bhutto was given force who, constrained by the weight of the majority, started radical changes from above, however just to debilitate the upset fermenting beneath. Bhutto’s chose left reformist government was thusly ousted by a military upset drove by General Zia ul Haq in July 1977, who later hanged Bhutto at the command of US colonialism. The eleven-year fierce autocracy of Zia was maybe the most awful period for the working masses in Pakistan. In intrigue with the Americans, Zia propped up and released the brute of Islamic fundamentalism to pound the left. The continuation of that abnormal enormity is the thing that created the current day fundamentalist fear that is tearing separated the social texture of Pakistan and Afghanistan. The Zia Dictatorship started to disintegrate after another change on the arrival from outcast of Bhutto’s little girl Benazir in April 1986. The logical inconsistencies in the effectively debilitated autocracy were subsequently honed. General Zia’s plane was advantageously exploded in mid air in August 1988 †some have conjectured this may have been done in line with the Americans, whom the egotist and crazy general had started to â€Å"disobey† looking for his very own motivation. From 1988 to 1999 there was another vote based recess, where Benazir and Nawaz Sharif exchanged in short spells of rulerships. This period was damaged by a blow out of defilement, ineptitude, spiraling monetary decay and tumult. General Musharraf took power in a bloodless upset by toppling Sharif. Musharraf then presented a â€Å"quasi-democracy† in 2002 however the 9/11 scene in the USA indeed made another despot another principle American colleague. This time the exterior was not against socialists however we had the alleged â€Å"war against terror†. Musharraf’s death and the system that followed indeed brought uncommon anguish and agony for the individuals of Pakistan. History has turned round trip. This endless loop of Pakistan’s political superstructure †tyranny to vote based system and back to autocracy †has carried no relief to society. Just the enduring has heightened. In actuality this is an impression of the continuous social and financial emergency incorporated with the establishments of this terrible nation. The Pakistani decision class after its freedom from direct British standard went onto the area of history past the point of no return and with this came a failure to build up the economy. It was a frail class even at its commencement. It couldn't deliver enough surpluses for its benefits and capital expected to tap the assets of the nation and do its chronicled job of the national upheaval that its pioneers had visualized. It balanced itself as needs be, and its endurance relied upon the one hand by being compliant to colonialism and on the other aligning itself and trading off with the landed nobility made under the Raj. The organizer of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, as ahead of schedule as November 1947, under a quarter of a year after the development of Pakistan, had sent his emissary to Washington requesting a $2bn advance. The reaction he got was a simple $10million of spare change. The disappointment of Pakistan’s administering world class is apparent 62 years after the fact. None of the national equitable errands have been finished. A few agrarian changes have neglected to cancel feudalism. Pakistan appeared not as a country however as a state containing various nationalities. National abuse proceeds and the national inquiry has become a putrefying twisted on the body politic of this nation. The errand of the development of a cutting edge country state is a long way from being accomplished and will in certainty further break down with the approaching emergency. This condition of deficiency of the errands has created destruction on the social and financial existence of Pakistani society. The social and political foundation is in a condition of breakdown. â€Å"National sovereignty† is a joke and scarcely anyone puts stock in the state’s autonomy. Radical mediation and mastery is on a more prominent scope today than it was in 1947, the time of Pakistan’s creation. Aside from a couple of years under Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, all the fund pastors have been representatives of the World Bank or other demon

Topic Ideas For Presentations

Topic Ideas For PresentationsIf you are a presentation person and you are looking for topic ideas for presentations, consider the following. First, consider the people who will be attending your presentation. After that, consider the topic that you should focus on for the presentation.What topics are most likely to interest the people who are going to attend your presentation? How many of the people in attendance are going to be interested in the topic you will be speaking about? Finally, how can you make your presentation interesting enough for the people to want to continue on from your talk? Make sure to get these answers when you think about topic ideas for presentations.There are many different kinds of topics that you can choose from. For example, if you are speaking on the food preparation industry, you can choose the topic of hamburgers and hot dogs. However, if you are speaking on education policies, then you might want to consider talking about school lunch programs. But wh at if you are speaking on children's toys?Whatever your topic is, make sure that you find the topic ideas for presentations that are appropriate for the audience that will be there. You may need to consider if you are giving a presentation at a school or church, or if you are giving a presentation at a company.If you are giving a presentation at a school, consider the subject matter of the topic. In this case, you may want to consider having a discussion about government policy and if the audience will be interested in the topic.A presenter may also need to consider his or her personal interests when selecting topic ideas for presentations. For example, if the presenter is giving a presentation at a school, they might want to consider subjects that they enjoy. For example, if the presenter is a fan of soccer, then he or she would want to speak about soccer policies.If the presenter is given a budget for the presentation, then he or she will need to consider the kind of budget that h e or she needs to work with. This will help to determine if he or she is going to need to include additional advertising for the product. If you have a budget, you will need to work hard to get the message across to the audience.If you are not well versed in the topic that you are presenting, you may want to look into topic ideas for presentations. Also, you may need to consider the audience that you are speaking to. After all, you do not want to be stuck on a topic for too long.

Labour Market Research Data, Statistics, Information - 1925 Words

Labour Market: Research Data, Statistics, Information (Essay Sample) Content: Accounting Profession and the Banking Industry in AustraliaStudents nameUniversityAccounting Profession and the Banking Industry in AustraliaIntroductionLabor markets have been changing recently due to different trends being realized in the labor market. Issues like the gig economy, rising incidences of part time jobs, self-employment, underemployment and youth unemployment has changed the design and nature of the labor market. Somasundaram (2017) argues that the Australian labor market has been described as being on an encouraging as compared to other European and western world countries. However, the Australian Bureau of Statistics has reported different trends in part time and full-time employment have been characterizing as zig zag in nature due to the back and forth switching of employment trends in the country.Accounting forms one of the largest occupations in the country with the job market experiencing a shortage of skilled accountants with the filed reporting an unemployment rate of 4.5% (Australian Workforce and Productiviy Agency, 2016). This is because the field offers a wide range of jobs that fall within its field. However, the field has been experiencing different trends that are caused by changes in the economy both locally and globally. This document highlights trends in the accounting field with an emphasis in the banking sector.Trends in the accounting industryTrends in the accounting field can be traced to the early accounting practices and the current practices that exist today. Accounting is known as the core of any business operation. The language of accounting has undergone several transformations due to advances in technology. According to Elliott (2006) the principles of accounting used in the past and the ones used today have not changed but the tools have changed to accommodate the complexity of data being managed today as compared in the past. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) solutions were invented as a way of ena bling accountant and organizations to manage large chunks of data that they deal with. This allowed accountants to merge financial data from different departments and functional units within an organization and make financial decisions to the organization.The Australian accounting profession has been hit by an influx of foreign students while on the other hand Australians are slowly deserting this field. Researchers have argued that the accounting field will face several changes in the next few decades CITATION Edm14 \l 1033 (Tadros Agnes King, 2014). The first game changer is the use of sophisticate technology to enhance the traditional working. This includes use of software and programs to perform accounting tasks. Secondly, the increased globalization which will lead to outsourcing of professions from other countries like India and China. Australia is experiencing an outburst of foreign professionals that are changing the field. Lastly increased regulation of rules in the sect orResearch in the field indicates that changing technology is the biggest challenge that the accounting profession is facing. Everyday technology is advancing making it difficult for accountants to catch up with the changing technology CITATION Ste11 \l 1033 (Stevensopn, 2011). Many organizations are adopting new decision-making tools as a way of maximizing efficiency in their outputs. However, accountants are struggling to catch up with these new accounting technologies. The introduction of cloud accounting technologies has not been taken well by some organizations since some business processes are still manual. This is calling for a transition in the profession to keep up with the boat of technology. However, these new technologies area a threat to accountants since they can be run without the need of an accountant. The tools require keying in figures and then they do all the required accounting calculations. The question therefore, is how the accounting profession will look like in future.Firm consolidation is also posing a threat to the accounting industry in the recent years. The need to reduce overhead costs has led firms to consolidation and share resources as a way to save. Many firms are working together to reduce this costs with the presence of part time and casualization of the workforce. Australia is one of the countries enjoying part time work arrangements in its workforce CITATION Chr12 \l 1033 (Kent Debelle, 2012). This has made firms to adopt different strategies for reducing cost and maximizing efficiency. Further, the rise of small firms has been a game changer. Small firms are offering easy services to many organizations rather than hiring permanent employees. Through consultancy, small firms offer real time services to large organizations at a lower cost as compared to hiring permanent employees in the organization.On the other hand, Kent Debelle (2012) suggest that demographic shifts in the economy has led to ownership and management o f small businesses that have led to diverse clients. Online technology has created an opportunity for clients to understand their needs and only hiring what they need. Unlike in the previous years where accountant used to be the only ones with knowledge about management of firms, today organizations ensure that their managers understands every business process and can be able to raise issues easily with their employees CITATION Nar17 \l 1033 (Somasundaram, 2017). This has changed accounting to accounting management, meaning that the field is not purely calculation of figures but rather a strategic part of the larger organization. Management has been split into smaller components allowing every component in an organization to be able to play a larger role in the strategic management of an organization.Part two: The banking industry in AustraliaThis part is an interview report of an employee of the Common Wealth Bank of Australia who has worked in the organization for the last ten ye ars and risen of a head of department. The interview aimed at gathering firsthand information on trends in the banking industry in the five to ten years. The responded reported that the job market has significantly changed due to priorities of the labor majority who are young people. This is because job expectations from young people of this generation are different from the other generation CITATION Mye01 \l 1033 (Myers, 2001). The employment industry has undergone changes that are shaping the nature of work today. There has been an increasingly number of people who change jobs all the time. The interviewee reported that in the department they work in, young people cannot stay in the organization for more than three years. This has been characterized by the number of people changing jobs every time now and then. This has made job tenure shorter as compared to the past. Most employees do not want life time employment with an organization but rather short term engagements or part ti me basis.Part time work has been the recent trend in employment trends since people are engaged in other different activities. This has been caused by casualization of work and putting greater emphasis on part time rather than fulltime. Watson (2013) argues that since 1990, most jobs that have been crreated in Australia are part time making the labor market more flexible but at the same time polarised. Some people have established their own professional business making it difficult for them to engage in fulltime work. On the other hand, Buddelmeyer Wooden (2011) argue that technology and the internet have created a new platform and employment opportunities where young people are actively engaged in part time. This trend has made organizations to realign and reorganize their employment patterns as a way of meeting the demands in the market since proportions in working hours have dropping considerably. This means that new applicants may be given either a permanent or a part time em ployment depending on the decision of the hiring manager. The rise of women in the Australian labor market has shifted trends in employment patterns that have affected both the male and female workforce. Sloan (2012) suggests that women make up 45% of the Australian workforce. This means that most organizations are seeking to employ more women in their workforce due to diversity benefits realised with the employment of women.Part three: Interview reportCommon Wealth Bank of Australia is one of the leading banks in the country providing financial services with a range of products. The bank enjoys several brands within the country that are attributed to its success in the financial markets. The banking industry in Australia did not suffer economic effects that were witnessed in Europe and America. This made Australian banks more valuable for market capitalization CITATION Mic16 \l 1033 (Janda, 2016). This is because they are more secure with stronger balance sheets that attract more investors. This is couples with a recovering market, stable housing prices and triple-A credit rating.According to Price Water House Coopers (2016), theire six forces shaping the banking industry in Australia. These are; technology, Asia, subdued economy, consumer behaviour, changing demographics in the country. This has made banks in the country to become simpler in their businesses to attract more customers and shareholders. Changing demographics are based on an increasingly old, urbanised and reacher population that offers more financial investment. Consumer behaviour is based on a highly educated customer who are law abiding and understands financial investments CITATION Val13 \l 1033 (Valenzuela, Cooksey, Chandralal, Hassan, 2013). This population chooses wisely the kind of invest,memts they make and how they spend their resources.Intervention from the government is characterised by environmental constraints, ...

Of Mice And Men Friendship And Loneliness - 1274 Words

Of Mice and Men: Friendship and Loneliness Peyton Willett Period 1 In John Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men a man and his mentally slow best friend embark on the journey of life together. Their friendship is very strong and this is unusual due to the other characters in the book being very lonely. Every time the two men get a job Lennie makes a mistake and they are forced to leave. After all of their intense work they hope they can finally have their dream and get a place they can call their own. Between the two major themes of friendship and loneliness Steinbeck’s novel is a success. One way he establishes the theme of loneliness is through the setting itself. Part one of the novel is set in a pleasant and peaceful river a few miles south of Soledad. The river comes off very remote and isolated. This is the complete opposite of where the rest of the book is mainly set. It is set on a ranch where George and Lennie the two main characters manage to find work. The ranch displays isolation mainly through the actions characters take and the eve nts that happen. The characters in the novel also contribute to the understanding of the theme of loneliness.George and Lennie are like two halves, â€Å"The first man was small and quick, dark of face, with restless eyes and sharp strong features.† George is the smaller of the two men but has taken care of Lennie for a while, since Lennie’s Aunt Clara died and this highlights the theme of friendship. George getsShow MoreRelatedFriendship And Loneliness In John Steinbecks Of Mice And Men779 Words   |  4 PagesThe characters make dreams that cannot be achieved in John Steinbeck’s, Of Mice and Men, where friendship and loneliness are shown by certain characters in this novella. Friendship is one of the key character traits in the novella. For instance, friendship would be Lennie and George, their friendship is what holds them together and although Lennie is not smart, George still accompanies him as a friend. Continuously as George play more tricks on Lennie he began to see how Lennie didnt care forRead MoreTo What Extent Is Of Mice and Men More Effective Than Rainman in Giving Us Understandings of Loneliness and Friendship?1553 Words   |  7 PagesSteinbecks novel Of Mice and Men cannot accurately be compared in effectiveness of its themes with the movie Rainman. The importance of each theme differs in both- in Steinbecks novel, loneliness is the most dominant theme, and in Rainman the major theme is friendship. Levinson and Steinbeck both do a brilliant job at showing the major themes in both materials to the greatest of their potential, and the minor themes are somewhat overpowered because of this. One extremely clever way thatRead MoreOf Mice and Men Loneliness Essay1123 Words   |  5 PagesOf Mice and Men Essay: ‘Soledad’ means loneliness. Why is this relevant in ‘Of Mice and Men’? The relevance of ‘Of Mice and Men’ being set in the town of Soledad comes from the parallels drawn between the meaning of the name ‘Soledad’ and the deeper sense of loneliness expressed through the characters of the novella. The symbolism of the loneliness that is associated with the town of Soledad establishes an underlying sense of loneliness in all characters. The author uses a variety of techniquesRead MoreEssay on Theme of Loneliness in John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men1136 Words   |  5 PagesThe Theme of Loneliness in Of Mice and Men      Ã‚  Ã‚   In the novel, Of Mice and Men John Steinbeck used George and Lennies relationship and the theme of hope to point out the loneliness in the novel. The novel starts off and is set in Soledad which means lonely. At the beginning they get a job working on a farm together. Lennie is a little retarded and has great physical strength that isnt too controllable. As they work from ranch to ranch, Lennie relies on George for guidance and help. RatherRead MoreOf Mice and Men Essay770 Words   |  4 PagesYour mom B6 January 13, 2010 Of Mice and Men essay An allegory is a work where characters are symbols of ideas. They may symbolize anything from honesty to sadness. In an allegorical novel these characters and the ideas they represent form together to suggest a moral. The novel, Of Mice and Men is one of these allegorical novels. Its theme or moral is about friendship: the friendship of George and Lennie. The actions of the characters that represent ideas in the story bring about the chanceRead MoreOf Mice and Men by John Steinbeck973 Words   |  4 Pagescanals and working beside men similar to characters in his novels. 2. In a discussion John Steinbeck said, I worked in the same country that the story is laid in. The characters are composites to a certain extent. Lennie was a real person. Hes in an insane asylum in California right now. I worked alongside him for many weeks . . .† (Parini 27) a. During the interview Steinbeck told his personal experiences that permitted him to write and construct the novel Of Mice and Men. II. Proof of Thesis Read MoreSolitary Confinement Is The Ultimate Punishment, Surpassing Torture And Even Death1439 Words   |  6 Pagescorruption is present throughout the story Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck, taking place on a Great-Depression-era ranch where all of the characters are secluded in some way. Solitude disintegrates dreams, unveils the desire to ravage the impuissant, and numbs the longing for friendship. Solitude erodes dreams and goals because the lack of achievement causes one to regret and destroy their goals. To start with, the stable buck Crooks in Of Mice and Men dreams of his childhood, owning â€Å"a strawberryRead MoreIsolation In Of Mice And Men1092 Words   |  5 Pages Egbu 1 While reading and evaluating Of Mice and Men (1937) by the famed novelist John Steinbeck, the several relationships in the story reveal both true, authentic friendship, as well as the opposite, sad, desperate degrees of loneliness and plummeting isolation. Similar to the people that we come across in our lives, a handful of the characters in Of Mice and Men portray false faces of contentment, yet in actuality, they are alone and caught feeling stuck and empty on the inside. On the otherRead MoreOf Mice And Men : Exploring The Ways Steinbeck Presents The Ranch1511 Words   |  7 PagesOf Mice and Men essay: Exploring the ways Steinbeck presents the ranch Steinbeck wrote Of Mice and Men in early 1930s and it was published in 1937. During 1930s, America was still suffering from the lack of steady jobs, which made peoples have to travel from town to town to able to seek short term employment. Of Mice and Men based on Steinbeck’s own experience, it is a short book which all the events are happened over the weekend. The title of the novel is taken from Robert Burns’ poem written inRead MoreEssay On Loneliness835 Words   |  4 Pagesone. Loneliness can have many negative effects on a person’s well-being. Some results could be craziness, depression, or even sickness. These effects could lead to even worse mental health issues. In order for humans to be happy, friendships and connections are vital; as well as never keeping isolated from the world. The characters George, Lennie and Crooks were all affected by loneliness. All these characters were affected in different ways. In John Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men, lo neliness has a

Symbolism â€Rendering the Hidden Meaning of the Story

Symbolism –Rendering The Hidden Meaning of The Story Symbolism is an important element in reinforcing the meaning of a story. It is a kind of formalist strategies which helps the reader understand the images that the author is trying to say in words. Symbolism is widely used in â€Å"The Story of An Hour† and â€Å"The Cranes†, which use conventional symbols, literary symbols, and even allegory. â€Å"The Story of An Hour† is written by Kate Chopin. Mrs. Mallard hears of her husband’s death from her husband’s friend Richards. At first, she feels depressed, but then she feels free and can have her own new life after thinking things through. Sadly, her â€Å"new† life is cut short by the abrupt return of Mr. Mallard. Mrs. Mallard, who has a bad heart, was so†¦show more content†¦The couple is symbolized as crane but they commit suicide to end their dreadful life suffering from their sickness. The author uses the water and hull of car as symbols in the story. â€Å"the water looked like metal, still and hard.† (Meinke, 259) and â€Å"The hull of the car gleamed beetle-like –dull and somehow sinister in its metallic isolation.† (Meinke, 260) shows the symbolization by describing the water and hull of the car. Both of the descriptions are related to the gun that the couple uses for committing suicide. They are hard, metallic like, and callous which is just like the gun. These also symbolize the grim tone in the story. It is stillness because the couple is going to commit suicide. The final symbol in the story is the direction that the cranes fly to. â€Å"†¦their great wings beating the air and their long slender necks pointed like arrows toward the sun.† (Meinke, 260) After the couple kiss and close the eyes, the cranes fly toward the sun. This is a symbol of western paradise of ultimate bliss, which means they kill themselves by shooting the gun to end their lives. Flying toward the sun is a traditional symbol that says that people will go to paradise after they die. The combination of those symbols in the story raises the controversy of suicide to the readers. Refering to the story, the couple chooses euthanasia because they are in pain from sickness. It also raises the question of whether weShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Poem Battle Royal 857 Words   |  4 Pagesthe elements of a test contribute to a story’s meaning. The images, symbols, and metaphors in Ellison’s â€Å"Battle Royal† give this story a whole new meaning. In 1947, when this short story was published, the black community was at an all-time low. The main aspects of this piece have ambiguous meanings behind them. The grandfather’s death scene, the naked dancer, the battle royal, the narrator’s speech, and the narrator’s dream all have significant symbolism. The grandfather’s death had a major impactRead MoreThe Graphic Adaptation of The Cask of Amontillado1727 Words   |  7 Pagesauthor, living from January 19, 1809 - October 7, 1849, Poe is best known for his thrilling and macabre short stories. His final short story, The Cask of Amontillado, is a gloomy tale of murderous revenge, set in the catacombs of Italy, and embedded with symbolism told from a first-person narrative. Poe is a master of allegorical writing, his eerie works compel the reader to explore hidden meanings and ideas concealed within his works. Fantographics Books should strongly consider combining the artisticRead MoreStained Glass : Illumination Of The Gothic Age1821 Words   |  8 Pagesaffluent of Rome commissioned artists to create stained glass windows for their homes. However, it wasn’t until the dawning of the Gothic period during the eighth century that the form and artistry of the stained glass window took on a whole new meaning. The particul ar stained glass windows I would like to use in my critique and analysis of an example of stained glass within the Gothic period is the Rose window and lancets found in the Chartres Cathedral, Chartres, France, ca. 1220. During the GothicRead More Allegory, Symbolism, and Madness – Comparing the Demons of Edgar Allan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne3842 Words   |  16 PagesAllegory, Symbolism, and Madness – Comparing the Demons of Edgar Allan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne As contemporaries of each other, Edgar Allan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne endeavored to write about man’s dark side, the supernatural influence, and moral truths. Each writer saw man as the center-point in his stories; Poe sees man’s internal struggle as madness, while Hawthorne sees man as having a â€Å"secret sin.† Each had their reasons for writing in the Gothic format. Poe was notRead More Flannery OConnors Short Fiction Essay examples3159 Words   |  13 PagesHer short stories routinely end in horrendous, freak fatalities or, at the very least, a characters emotional devastation. Working his way through Greenleaf, Everything that Rises Must Converge, or A Good Man is Hard to Find, the new reader feels an existential hollowness reminiscent of Camus The Stranger; OConnors imagination appears a barren, godless plane of meaninglessness, punctuated by pockets of random, mindless cruelty. In reality, her writing is filled with meaning and symbolismRead MoreThe Analysis of the Mythic Dimension in ‘a Streetcar Named Desired’6094 Words   |  25 Pagesof Williams’s alchemical art. MYTHOLOGY can be defined as a body of interconnected myths, or stories, told by a specific cultural group to explain the world consistent with a people’s experience of the world in which they live.  [The word â€Å"myth† comes from the ancient Greek word meaning â€Å"story† or â€Å"plot,† and was applied to stories sacred and secular, invented and true.]   Myths often begin as sacred stories that offer supernatural explanations for the creation of the world . . . and humanity, as wellRead MoreAstrology and Alchemy - the Occult Roots of the Mbti4990 Words   |  20 Pagesand cosmology such as Buddhism, Taoism, Sufism and complementary medicine, has enjoyed a renaissance over the last 25 years. Many of these systems trace their origins to nonEuropean and pre-modern roots. This renewed interest reflects a search for meaning within systems of knowledge that approach the world in a less objective way than modernist, scientific approaches. As Ritzer (1998 ) says, while rationalisation and more accountability are being lauded in many institutions, a countervailing desireRead MoreBasics of Studying Literature3647 Words   |  15 Pagesis intended to help in the formation of intelligent and appreciative judgments. SUBSTANCE AND FORM. The most thoroughgoing of all distinctions in literature, as in the other Fine Arts, is that between (1) Substance, the essential content and meaning of the work, and (2) Form, the manner in which it is expressed (including narrative structure, external style, in poetry verse-form, and many related matters). This distinction should be kept in mind, but in what follows it will not be to our purposeRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesmay prove helpful. PLOT The Elements of Plot When we refer to the plot of a work of fiction, then, we are referring to the deliberately arranged sequence of interrelated events that constitute the basic narrative structure of a novel or a short story. Events of any kind, of course, inevitably involve people, and for this reason it is virtually impossible to discuss plot in isolation from character. Character and plot are, in fact, intimately and reciprocally related, especially in modern fictionRead MoreKhasak14018 Words   |  57 PagesAND MIND: A PSYCHOANALYTIC AND MYTHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF O V VIJAYAN’S THE LEGENDS OF KHASAK explores how the judicious selection and use of literary theory can account for the universal appeal of The Legends of Khasak, a belated self translated rendering of a famous regional work in Malayalam, Khasakkinte Ithihasam authored by the eminent writer O V Vijayan, and thus assert its artistic value. Divided into four chapters, the dissertation blends the kin theories of Psychoanalytic and Myth ological

What Makes A Leader - 981 Words

What It Means to be a Leader Successful collaboration requires strong and reliable leaders to guide individuals through decisions. Anyone can be placed in charge, but there are few people who can govern efficiently. A leader is a person who has been trusted with the responsibility of the group and is looked towards for guidance. A capable supervisor is just as important as a dedicated worker. Certain characteristics are required in order to fulfill the role of a leader. Knowing the characteristics needed in a leader will help people establish better cooperation among the people they work with. An effective leader has integrity, awareness, creativity, confidence, optimism, focus and accountability. The first and most important aspect of†¦show more content†¦Thirdly, creativity is needed to manage a group. It requires a certain amount of divergent and convergent thinking in order to be a leader. Divergent thinking is the act of coming up with multiple solutions to a problem while convergent thinking is carefully determining the single best solution. Both are essential when determining the correct course of action. Being able to determine a solution to problem is what sets leaders apart from followers. Along with having creative decisions, a leader has to have confidence in the decisions they make. They need to be able to decisively make a choice and then follow that choice with conviction. They should never be disinclined to make a decision. Also a leader has to have confidence in the actions of their group. He or she should trust that the jobs assigned will be handled in a timely manner. During stressful moments a leader remains placid so that others will stay calm. Furthermore, a leader needs to be able to inspire confidence in the people they lead. They motivate the people around them by communicating and teaching clearly.They are able to convince their followers that they are worthy to be followed. They set high, but attainable, goals to challenge the team to be great. When times are difficult, they are a source of reassurance and optimism. Additionally, a leader requires a strong focus on their goals.

The Rights Of The American Revolution - 1015 Words

Prior to the American Revolution, the right to be secure against unreasonable searches and seizures did not exist. (Levy, 1999). The Bill of Rights was introduced and ratified in 1791, it contains the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. The Bill of Rights define and interpret constitutional rights and protections that are guaranteed under the US Constitution. The Fourth Amendment to the Constitution addresses search and seizure statues, it states ... â€Å"Amendment IV The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.† According to Leonard W. Levy, a Pulitzer Prize historian, â€Å"the Fourth Amendment emerged not only from the American Revolution; it was a constitutional embodiment of the extraordinary coupling of Magna Carta to the appealing fiction that a man s home is his castle.† (Levy, 1999). There have been challenges to the Constitution and The Bill of Rights since their inception. The Supreme Court has the legal and final authority for rulings on these constitutional rights and challenges. The Supreme Court is responsible for settling disputes that arise out of differing interpretations. Three significant cases concerning the Fourth Amendment are Weeks v.Show MoreRelatedVoting Rights During The American Revolution2277 Words   |  10 PagesBefore the American Revolution, men and women were held under the British reign of the king. But when they war was over, only white men with land were allowed to vote (Jansson). For years women fought for the right to vote, watching their husbands and sons vote before they were able to vote. African American men and women also faced the challenges of obtaining the right to vote. Their fight for the chance to vote affected so much of our history. Once they obtained the right to vote, shifts occurredRead MoreWomens Rights: Before and After the American Revolution1697 Words   |  7 PagesWomen’s Rights: Before and After the American Revolution The American Revolution played a significant role in lives of nearly every person in America. Most men left their wives, mothers, sisters and daughters in charge of farms and businesses when they left to fight in the Patriot armies. There were many men, who had no farms or businesses, left their women with absolutely nothing to fall back on. This led to a significant increase in the population of impoverished women in several citiesRead MoreWomen s Rights During The American Revolution1961 Words   |  8 Pages During the American Revolution, most women stayed home and sewed and cooked for their family and stayed subservient to their husbands. Some women went a step further and went to the front and nursed the wounded. At that time, women were not allowed to do a lot. A lot of women fought for their rights. Abigail Adams, the wife of John Adams and mother of John Quincy Adams, helped plant the seeds that would start women and men thinking about women s rights and roles in a country that had been foundedRead MoreThe American Revolution s Fights Over Taxes And Social Rights1372 Words   |  6 PagesUndignified American Revolution’s fights over taxes and social rights. (Is it okey if I will start my paragraph with my thesis? My classmates suggested me to put a background information before; however, I have it after my thesis. ) The American Revolution was not a war, rather a fight over unfair taxes and denied social rights. During the Revolution that happened in 1763 until 1783, patriot colonists fought over loyalist British taxes, that later brought into freedom and unfair social rights. CountlessRead MorePolitical Change : The American And French Revolutions And The Civil Rights Movement968 Words   |  4 PagesPolitical change is when there is a change in leadership or a change in policy of a government due to a significant disruption such as a social movement or revolution. If the citizens of a country feel that they are being treated unjustly by their rulers, and the rulers think that their ways of governing are satisfactory then a discord is struck and conflict arises between them (Study blue). The main causes of this discord are mostly soc ial issues such as hunger, racism, climate change etc. and/orRead MoreTriumph Of The Right : George Wallace, Richard Nixon, And The American Revolution1459 Words   |  6 PagesUnited States. Controversy surrounded these changes whether they were good or bad for the nation and leaving many Americans questioning the power of urban and political movements. In the excerpt â€Å"Triumph of the Left: Sixties Revolution and The Revolution in Manners† Kenneth Cmiel from the University of Iowa shows how the era of the sixties altered and affected the morals of many Americans when they encountered discrimination, hatred, and inequality. Along with that, Dan T. Carter carefully analyzesRead MoreThe American Revolution : The Revolution1367 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Revolution Revolutionizes the World It was the first revolution to majorly succeed and change how people saw their countries, it was the American Revolution. The American Revolution was the first successful revolution against a European empire that provided a model for many other colonial peoples who realized that they too could break away and become self-governing nations (New world Encyclopedia, 1).The American Revolution was vital to history because ideas seen by other countries startedRead MoreHistory : The American Revolution Essay1435 Words   |  6 Pagesmoral quality, which was strongly held in the people’s hearts in America, and it consequently spread to other countries in the world. It is believed that American Revolution was the most important chapter in human history just because it was their action that made the ideals of liberty, equality, and justice to materialize. The American Revolution had a very big significance worldwide as it changed the world not by removing and altering of power in any o f the states but by the appearance of the newRead MoreHistory : The American Revolution1442 Words   |  6 Pagesmoral quality, which was strongly held in the people’s hearts in America, and it consequently spread to other countries in the world. It is believed that American Revolution was the most important chapter in human history just because it was their action that made the ideals of liberty, equality, and justice to materialize. The American Revolution had a very big significance worldwide as it changed the world not by removing and altering of power in any of the states but by the appearance of the newRead MoreThe American And French Revolutions1517 Words   |  7 PagesThe American French Revolutions The American Revolution and French Revolution were unique in world history because they used the ideas of freedom and equality from the Enlightenment, but understood them differently at the same time. Both revolutions occurred around the same time- the 18th Century, the American Revolution began on the 4th of July when Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence (Dr. Taylor). The French Revolution then follows in 1789, provoked by â€Å"...a greater demand

What Causes Racism Persists - 1568 Words

LaMonte Patterson Dr. Almas English 132, Section 17 04 October 2017 lamonte.patterson16@gmail.com What Causes Racism Persists? Could a tree be racist? Could a tree decide, based on race, how much oxygen it’d provide to the people around it? Could a tree emulate the evil of man? Regardless of how you’d answer those questions, trees and racism hold one important parallel: without their roots, they can’t exist. Roots allow racism, like trees, to live, build, and continue. Today racism persists due to the benefit racism offers the white collective, the confusion that inundates race and racism, the failures of leaders in the Black community, and the U.S. justice and police systems that disproportionately target non-whites. Racism continues†¦show more content†¦There is only one race: humanity. The white race, or any other race, is simply a tool used to divide one group from another (Ponds 23). The divisions that we live under today aren’t natural ones. They were invented by racists for the sole purpose of continuing racism. Asian-American, Black, Hispanic are all misnomers meant to highlight differences that may only exist in our brains. In the Eurocentric society, whiteness is used as the means of excluding most of the world from the privilege of being able exercise full freedom: This meaning of whiteness is implicit in the use of the color white to refer to people whose color is actually more pink than white. Whiteness suggests an absence of color, a way of thinking that nonwhite people adopt when they refer to themselves as people of color. The fact is that we are all people of one color or another. If white people referred to themselves as pink people, they would join the club of those who have one color or another and would be just like everyone else. (Altman 48) Without the concept of whiteness, there is no white privilege or race itself. Racism combines the man-made notion of race with the power needed to discriminate. If racism confuses you, anything else that you interpret will also confuse you, and your confusion in turn will preserve racism. If confusion surrounds race, it is only logical that it would also surround racism. As a people, we are confused. The most commonShow MoreRelatedWhat Is Domestic Violence?992 Words   |  4 Pagesthe dominant discourses that are present. It is illustrated with this situation that the dominant forces are racism and sexism. A society that discriminates immigrants, minimizing their economic opportunities causes their families to move into poverty. This then leads to the formation of a violent space at home, the only place where the father in the household still holds power similar to what they held in everyday situations in their native country. Although no situation is the same, the common themeRead MoreRacism : The Unseen Monster1511 Words   |  7 Pagesold as mankind itself. This monster is known by many names; some call it racism, others discrimination but the only thing certain about this monstrosity is that it can be overcome if we all unite to fight against it. Racism is â€Å"a belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race† (Merriam Webster). Racism has multiple causes ranging from living in a secluded community, to the basic instincts ofRead MoreRacial Discrimination : An American Civil Rights Activist942 Words   |  4 Pagessaturates our society in modern ways. Though racism may be less blatant now in many cases, its existence is undeniable.† (Al Sharpton. BrainyQuote.com) Racial discrimination is a pessimistic reality that affects everyone in our society. Racism has destroyed and ended many lives but continues to happen due to this country being burdened by a racial blockade.. The legacy of discrimination continues to weigh on present-day. Current day discrimination persists through American life in various aspects likeRead MoreDiscrimination Hurts Us All by Spencer Poku-Kankam1712 Words   |  7 Pagesaccording to Webster, entered our vocabulary in 1648. 365 years later, the word stirs feelings of anger and resentment, cries for justice and demonstrates our ongoing debate in this country about who we want to be as a people. Not simply a matter of racism, xenophobia and homophobia, other groups experience discrimination as well. Religious minorities, women, those suffering from obesity, children, rehabilitated former criminals, the elderly, the handicapped and the poor are all victims of bias andRead MoreSegregation Within The Housing Market843 Words   |  4 PagesWhen people talk about racism throughout modern society, a question that emerges is â€Å"How does modern racism influence residency and neighborhoods in economic and political viewpoints?† Some argue that segregation within the housing market has been a devastating, long-term, issue for African Americans a s a result of racial zoning due to income along with race, while others believe that the United States has indeed enforced policies to prevent blacks from obtaining and maintaining wealth to merge withRead MoreThe Racism Of African Americans959 Words   |  4 PagesThe embedment of racism into American society has created severe disadvantages for African Americans. In addition to the negative effects of individual racism, systemic racism s crushing discrimination has devastated the African Americans in this country. Due to the horrors of systemic racism many African Americans find themselves at economic and social disadvantages. The education opportunities they encounter are far more limited than the ones White Americans do. As a result, African AmericansRead MoreRacial Discrimination : The World Has More Than 6 Billion People With A Diversity Of Human Races808 Words   |  4 Pagesone of a kind dwelling conditions while genetic mutations introduced precise traits to the people. L ikewise, the concept of race, a group of people with genetic and physical features that different from another group of people, is a truth. Hence, racism is when the foundation of discrimination is race. This discrimination is most commonly the outcome of a perspective known as prejudice. Among full-time workers, Whites earn over 22 percent more than equivalent African American workers and almost 34Read MoreAdmit You re A Racist By John Blake976 Words   |  4 Pagesaccept, since being racist is socially unacceptable today. The author wants the audience to see that when one makes prejudicial racist statements, that the person is racist. The author also wants people to see that it is important for people to see racism in themselves so that they can make a change in themselves, thus making society a better place. John Blake argues that people have racist ideologues imbedded in them successfully by use of ethos and logos arguments. The intended audience forRead MoreFreire s Theory Of The Oppressed And The Oppressor Collins, Brooks, And Kidd1628 Words   |  7 PagesAs society continues to evolve people maintain their quest to accept full humanity, in this process individuals question not only who their authentic self is, but what is keeping them from accepting that version of themselves. A question which Freire addresses in his Pedagogy of the Oppressed as he emphasizes how liberation transcends time, and atmosphere. Instead he chooses to illustrate a process which is embodied by acceptance of the oppressor, activism, fellowship, solidarity, and reflectionRead MoreThe Priorities Of The United States Public Policy Making Process949 Words   |  4 Pagesinequalities emerge and persist. What is Garbage Wars? Garbage Wars is a study of solid waste and pollution issues in minority communities of urban areas written by David Naguib Pellow. It conveys the issue of waste disposal through a sociological lens by addressing the environmental injustice as racism that has occurred for decades in major cities, specifically Chicago, Illinois. It is a historical analysis that offers a framework to explain the development of environmental racism rather than a technical

Part Two William Shakespeare Attorney At Law Essay Example For Students

Part Two William Shakespeare Attorney At Law Essay Part Two William Shakespeare Attorney At Law Lord Campbell, as we have just seen, mentions Henry VIII as one of the fourteen plays in which he has found nothing which relates to the question in hand; but Mr. Rushton opens his batteries with the following passage from the very play just named; and to most readers it will seem a bomb of the largest dimensions, sent right into the citadel of his opponents: Suff. Lord Cardinal, the kings further pleasure is, Because all those things you have done of late By your power legatine within this kingdom Fall into compass of a premunire, That therefore such a writ be sued against you, To forfeit all your goods, lands, tenements, Chattels, and whatsoever, and to be Out of the kings protection:ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?this is my charge. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?King Henry VIII, Act iii. Sc. 2. We shall first remark, that, in spite of his declaration as to Henry VIII, Lord Campbell does cite and quote this very, passage p. 2; and, indeed, he must have been as unappreciative as he seems to have been inaccurate, had he failed to do so; for, upon its face, it is, with one or two exceptions, the most important passage of the kind to be found in Shakespeares works. Premunire is thus defined in an old law-book, which was accessible to Shakespeare: Premunire is a writ, and it lieth where any man sueth any other in the spirituall court for anything that is determinable in the Kings Court, and that is ordeined by certaine statutes, and great punishment therefore ordeined, as it appeareth by the same statutes, viz. that he shall be out of the Kings protection, and that he be put in prison without baile or mainprise till that he have made fine at the Kings will, and that his landes and goods shal be forfait, if he come not within ij. moneths. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Termes de la Ley, 1595, fol. 144. The object of the writ was to prevent the abuse of spiritual power. Now, here is a law-term quite out of the common, which is used by Shakespeare with a well-deployed knowledge of the power of the writ of which it is the name. Must we, therefore, suppose that Shakespeare had obtained his knowledge of the purpose and the power of this writ in the course of professional reading or practice? If we looked no farther than Shakespeares page, such a supposition might seem to be warranted. But if we turn to Michael Draytons Legend of Great Cromwell, first published, we believe, in 1607, but certainly some years before Henry VIII was written, and the subject of which figures in that play, we find these lines, This Me to urge the Premunire wonne, Ordaind in matters dangerous and hie; In t which the heedlesse Prelacie were runne That back into the Papacie did flie.  ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Ed. 1619, p. 382. Here is the very phrase in question, used with a knowledge of its meaning and of the functions of the writ hardly less remarkable than that evinced in the passage from Henry VIII, though expressed in a different manner, owing chiefly to the fact that Drayton wrote a didactic poem and Shakespeare a drama. But Drayton is not known to have been an attorneys clerk, nor has he been suspected, from his writings, or any other cause, to have had any knowledge of the law. Both he and Shakespeare, however, read the Chronicles. Reading men perused Halls and Holinsheds huge blackletter folios in Queen Elizabeths time with as much interest as they do Macaulays or Prescotts elegant octavos in the reign of her successor, Victoria. Shakespeare drew again and again upon the former for the material of his historical plays; and in writing Henry VIII he adopted often the very language of the Chronicler. The well-known description of Wolsey, which he puts into the mouth of Queen Katherine, He was a man Of an unbounded stomach, ever ranking Himself with princes; one that by suggestion Tithd all the kingdom: Simony was fair play: His own opinion was his law: I the presence He would say untruths; and be ever double, Both in his words and meaning: He was never, But where he meant to ruin, pitiful: His promises were, as he then was, mighty; But his performance, as he is now, nothing: Of his own body he was ill, and gave The clergy ill example, is little more than the following paragraph from Holinshed put into verse: This cardinal as you may perceive in this storie was of a great stomach, for he compted himselfe equall with princes, and by craftie suggestion gat into his hands innumerable treasure: he forced little on simonie, and was not pittiful, and stood affectionate in his owne opinion: in open presence he would lie and saie untruth, and was double both in speach and meaning: he wou ld promise much and performe little: he was vicious of his bodie, and gave the clergie evill example. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Ed. 1587, vol. iii. p. 922. Turning back from the page on which the Chronicler comments upon the life of the dead prime-minister, to that on which he records his fall, we find these passages: In the meane time, the king, being informed that all those things that the cardinall had doone by his power legatine within this realme were in the case of the premunire and provision, caused his attornie, Christopher Hales, to sue out a writ of premunire against him. . . . . . After this in the kings bench his matter for the premunire being called upon, two atturneis which he had authorised by his warrant, signed with his owne hand, confessed the action, and so bad judgement to forfeit all his lands, tenements, goods, and cattels, and to be out of the kings protection. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Ib. p. 909. If the reader will look back at the passage touching the premunire, quoted above, he will see that these few lines from Raphael Holinshed are somewhat fatal to an argument in favor of Shakespeares legal acquirements, in so far as it rests in any degree upon the use of terms or the knowledge displayed in that passage. Shakespeare and Drayton are here in the same boat, though not with the same sculls. Before we shelve HolinshedÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?for the good Raphaels folios are like Falstaff in size, if not in wit, and, when once laid flat-long, require levers to set them up on end againÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?let us see if he cannot help us to account for more of the legalisms that our Lord Chief Justice and our barrister have smelt out in Shakespeares historical plays. Mr. Rushton quotes the following passages from Richard II: York. Is not Gaunt dead? and doth not Hereford live? * * * Take Herefords rights away, and take from time His charters and his customary rights; Let not to-morrow, then, ensue to-day: Be not thyself; for how art thou a king, But by fair sequence and succession? Now, afore God, God forbid I say true! If you do wrongfully seize Herefords rights, Call in the letters patents that he hath By his attorneys-general to sue, His livery, and deny his offerd homage, You pluck a thousand dangers on your head. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Act ii. Sc. 1. Bol. I am denied to sue my livery here, And yet my letters patents give me leave: My fathers goods are all distraind and sold; And these, and all, are all amiss employed. What would you have me do? I am a subject, And challenge law: Attorneys are denied me; And therefore personally I lay my claim To my inheritance of free descent. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Ib. Sc. 3. And Lord Campbell, although he passes by these passages in Richard II, quotes, as important, from a speech of Hotspurs in the First Part of Henry IV, the following lines, which, it will be seen, refer to the same act of oppression on the part of Richard II towards Bolingbroke: He came but to be Duke of Lancaster, To sue his livery and beg his bread. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Act iv. Sc. 3. But, here again, Shakespeare, although he may have known more law than Holinshed, or even Hall, who was a barrister, only used the law-terms that he found in the paragraph which furnished him with the incident that he dramatized. For, after recording the death of Gaunt, the Chronicle goes on: The death of this duke gave occasion of increasing more hatred in the people of this realme toward the king; for he seized into his hands all the rents and reuenues of his hands which ought to have descended unto the duke of Hereford by lawfull inheritance, in reuoking his letters patents which he had granted to him before, by virtue whereof he might make, his attorneis generall to sue liverie for him of any manner of inheritances or possessions that might from thencefoorth fall unto him, and that his homage might be respited with making reasonable fine, etc. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?HOLINSHED, Ed. 1587, p. 496. The only legal phrase, however, in these passages of Richard II, which seems to imply very extraordinary legal knowledge, is the one repeated in Henry IVÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?sue his livery,ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?which was the term applied to the process by which, in the old feudal tenures, wards, whether of the king or other guardian, on arriving at legal age, could compel a delivery of their estates to them from their guardians. But hence, it became a metaphorical expression to mean merely the attainment of majority, and in this sense seems to have been very generally understood and not uncommonly used. See the following, from an author who was no attorney or attorneys clerk: If Cupid Shoot arrows of that weight, Ill swear devoutly Has sued his livery and is no more a boy. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?FLETCHERS Womans Prize, Act ii. Sc. 1. And this, from the works of a divine: Our little Cupid hath sued livery And is no more in his minority. ÃÆ' ¢Ã ƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?DONNES Eclogues, 1613. Spenser, too, uses the phrase figuratively in another sense, in the following passageÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?which may be one of those which Chalmers had in his eye, when, according to Lord Campbell, he first suggested that Shakespeare was once an attorneys clerk: She gladly did of that same Babe accept, As of her owne by liverey and seisin; And having over it a little wept, She bore it thence, and ever as her owne it kept. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Faerie Queene, B. VI. C. iv. st. 37. So, for instance of the phrase fee, which Lord Campbell notices as one of those expressions and allusions which crop out in Hamlet, showing the substratum of law in the author mind, We go to gain a little patch of ground, That hath in it no profit but the name. To pay five ducats, five, I would not farm it; Nor will it yield to Norway or the Pole A ranker rate, should it be sold in fee. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Act iv. Sc. 2. and of which Mr. Rushton quotes several instances in its fuller form, fee simple,ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?we have but to turn back a few stanzas in this same canto of the Faerie Queene, to find one in which the term is used with the completest apprehension of its meaning: So is my lord now seizd of fill the land, As in his fee, with peaceable estate, And quietly doth hold it in his hand, Ne any dares with him for it debate. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Ib. st. 30. And in the next canto: Of which the greatest part is due to me, And heaven itself, by heritage in fee. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Ib. C. vii. st. 15. And in the first of these two passages from the Faerie Queene, we have two words, seized and estate, intelligently and correctly used in their purely legal sense, as Shakespeare himself uses them in the following passages, which our Chief Justice and our barrister have both passed by, as, indeed, they have passed many others equally worthy of notice: Did forfeit with his life all those his lands Which he stood seizd of to the conqueror. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Hamlet, Act i. Sc. 1. The terms of our estate may not endure Hazard so near us, ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Ib. Act iii. Sc. 3. Part Three William Shakespeare Attorney At Law Among the most important passages cited by both our authors is one that every reader of Shakespeare will recollect, when it is mentioned to himÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Hamlets speech over the, skull in the grave-digging scene. But although this speech is remarkable for the number of law terms used in it, only one of them seems to evince any recondite knowledge of the law. This is the word statutes, in the following sentence: This fellow might be ins time a buyer of land, with his statutes, his recognizances, his fines, his double vouchers, his recoveries. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Act v. Sc. 1. The general reader supposes, we believe, and very naturally, that here statutes means laws, Acts of Parliament concerning real estate. But, as Mr. Rushton remarks, Malone having explained the term before him, The statutes referred to by Hamlet are, doubtless, statutes merchant and statutes staple. And a statute merchant so called from the 13th Edward I, De mercatoribus was a bond acknowledged before one of the clerks of the statutes merchant, and the mayor, etc. , etc. A statute staple, properly so called, was a bond of record, acknowledged before the mayor of the staple, etc. , etc. Here we again have a law-term apparently so out of the ken of an unprofessional writer, that it would seem to flavor the Attorney and Solicitor theory. But let us see if the knowledge which its use implies was confined to Shakespeare among the dramatists of his time. In Fletchers Noble Gentleman, a comedy, first performed in 1625, we find a lady, sorely pushed for ready cash, crying out, Take up at any use: give bond, or land, Or mighty statutes, able by their strength To tie up Samson, were he now alive. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Act i. Sc. 1. And in Middletons Family of Love, where, by the way, the Free-Love folk of our own day may find their peculiar notions set forth and made the basis of the action, though the play was printed two hundred and fifty years ago we find a female free-loveyer thus teaching a mercantile brother of the family, that, although she has a sisterly disregard for some worldly restraints, she yet keeps an eye on the main chance: Tut, you are master Dryfab, the merchant: your skill is greater in cony-skins and woolpacks than in gentlemen. His lands be in statutes: you merchants were wont to be merchant staplers; but now gentlemen have gotten up the trade; for there is not one gentleman amongst twenty but his lands be engaged in twenty statutes staple. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Act i. Sc. 3. And in the very first speech of the first scene of the same play, the husband of this virtuous and careful dame says of the same Gerardine, who, as he is poor and a gentleman, it need hardly be said, is about the only honest man in the piece,ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?His lands be in statutes. And that poor debauchee, Robert Greene, who knew no more of law than be might have derived from such limited, though authentic information as to its powers over gentlemen who made debts without the intention of paying them, as he may have received at frequent unsolicited interviews with a sergeant or a bum-bailiff, has this passage in his Quip for an Upstart Courtier, 1592: The mercer he followeth the young upstart gentleman that bath no government of himself and feedeth his humour to go brave: he shall not want silks, sattins, velvets to pranke abroad in his pompe; but with this proviso, that he must bind over his land in a statute merchant or staple; and so at last forfeit all unto the merciless mercer, and leave himself never a foot of land in England. Very profound legal studies, therefore, cannot be predicated of Shakespeare on the ground of the knowledge which he has shown of this peculiar kind of statute. It is not surprising that both our legal Shakespearean commentators cite the following passage from As You Like It in support of their theory; for in it the word extent is used in a sense so purely technical, that not one in a thousand of Shakespeares lay readers nowadays would understand it without a note: Duke F. Well, push him out of doors, And let my officers of such a nature Make an extent upon his house and lands. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã ƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Act iii. Sc. 1. Extent, as Mr. Rushton remarks, is directed to the sheriff to seize and value lands and goods to the utmost extent; an extendi facias, as Lord Campbell authoritatively says, applying to the house and lands as a fieri facias would apply to goods and chattels, or a capias ad satisfaciendum to the person. But that John Fletcher knew, as well as my Lord Chief Justice, or Mr. Barrister Rushton, or even, perhaps, William Shakespeare, all the woes that followed an extent, the elder Mr. Weller at least would not have doubted, had he in the course of his literary leisure fallen upon the following passage in Wit Without Money 1630: Val. Mark me, widows Are long extents in law upon mens livings, Upon their bodies winding-sheets: they that enjoy em. Lie but with dead mens monuments, find beget Only their own ill epitaphs. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Act ii. Sc. 2. George Wilkins, too, the obscure author of The Miseries of Enforced Marriage, uses the term with as full an understanding, though not with so feeling an expression or so scandalous an illustration of it, in the following passage from the fifth act of that play, which was produced about 1605 or 1606: They are usurers; they come yawning for money; and the sheriff with them is come to serve an extent upon your land, and then seize your body by force of execution. Another seemingly recondite law-phrase used by Shakespeare, which Lord Campbell passes entirely by, though Mr. Rushton quotes three instances of it, is taken with the manner. This has nothing to do with good manners or ill manners; but, in the words of the old law-book before cited, is when a theefe hath stollen and is followed with hue and crie and taken, having that found about him which he stoleÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?that is called ye maynour. And so we commonly use to saye, when wee finde one doing of an unlawfull act, that we tooke him with the maynour or manner. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Termes de la Ley, 1595, fol. 126, b. Shakespeare, therefore, uses the phrase with perfect understanding, when he makes Prince Hal say to Bardolph, O villain, thou stolest a cup of sack eighteen years ago, and wert taken with the manner, and ever since thou hast blushed extempore. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?1 Henry IV. Act ii. Sc. 4. But so Fletcher uses the same phrase, and as correctly, when he makes Perez say to Estefania, in Rule a Wife and Have a Wife, How like a sheep-biting rogue, taken I the manner, And ready for the halter, dost thou look now! ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Act v. Sc. 4. But both Fletcher and Shakespeare, in their use of this phrase, unusual as it now seems to us, have only exemplified the custom referred to by our contemporary local authority,ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?And so we commonly use to saye, when wee finde one doing of an unlawfull act, that we tooke him with the maynour; though this must doubtless be understood to refer to persons of a certain degree of education and knowledge of the world. It seems, then, that the application of legal phraseology to the ordinary affairs of life was more common two hundred and fifty years ago than now; though even now-a-days it is much more generally used in the rural districts than persons who have not lived in them would suppose. There law shares with agriculture the function of providing those phrases of common conversation which, used figuratively at first, and often with poetic feeling, soon pass into mere thought-saving formulas of speech, and which in large cities are, chiefly drawn from tr ade and politics. And if in the use of the law-terms upon which we have remarked, which are the more, especially technical and remote from the language, of unprofessional life, among all those which occur in Shakespeares works, he was not singular, but, as we have seen, availed himself only of a knowledge which other contemporary poets and playwrights possessed, how much more easily might we show that those commoner legal words and phrases, to remarks upon Shakespeares use of which both the books before us and especially Lord Campbells are mainly devoted, judgment, fine, these presents, testaments, attorney, arbitrator, fees, bond, lease, pleading, arrest, session, mortgage, vouchers, indentures, assault, battery, dower, covenant, distrain, bail, non-suit, etc. , etc. , etc. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?words which everybody understandsÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?are scattered through all the literature of Shakespeares time, and, indeed, of all time since there were courts and suits at la w! Many of the passages which Lord Campbell cites as evidence of Shakespeares legal acquirements excite only a smile at the self-delusion of the critic who could regard them for a moment in that light. For instance, these lines in that most exquisite song in Measure for MeasureÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Take, oh, take those lips awayÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? But my kisses bring again Seals of love, but seald in vain and these from Venus and Adonis, Pure lips, sweet seals in my soft lips imprinted, What bargains may I make, still to be sealing! to which Mr. Rushton adds from Hamlet A combination and a form, indeed, Where every god did seem to set his seal. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Act iii. Sc. 4. Now must your conscience my acquittance seal. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Act iv. Sc. 7. And because indentures and deeds and covenants are scaled, these passages must be accepted as part of the evidence that Shakespeare narrowly escaped being made Lord High Chancellor of England It requires all the learning and the logic of a Lord Chief Justice and a London barrister to establish a connection between such premises and such a conclusion. And if Shakespeares lines smell of law, how strong is the odor of parchment and red tape in these, from Draytons Fourth Eclogue 1605: Kindnesse againe with kindnesse was repayd, And with sweet kisses couenants were sealed. We ask pardon of the reader for the production of contemporary evidence, that, in Shakespeares day, a knowledge of the significance and binding nature of a seal was not confined to him among poets; for surely a man must be both a lawyer and a Shakespearean commentator to forget that the use of seals is as old as the art of writing, and, perhaps, older, and that the practice has furnished a figure of speech to poets from the time when it was written, that out of the whirlwind Job heard, It is turned as clay to the seal, and probably from a period yet more remote. How does Act 3, scene 1 fit into the structure of 'Romeo and Juliet', and how does Shakespeare create dramatic tension in the scene? EssayBut, as far as regards its reference to a leaving of law for literature, it is clearly of general application. Nash says, It is a common practice, now-a-days, amongst a sort of shifting companions, etc. , to leave the trade of Noverint, whereto they were born, and busy themselves, etc. By the trade of Noverint be meant that of an attorney. The term was not uncommonly applied to members of that profession, because of the phrase, Noverint universi per presentes, Know all men by these presents, with which deeds, bonds, and many other legal instruments then began. And Nashs testimony accords with what we know of the social and literary history of the age. There was no regular army in Elizabeths time; and the younger sons of gentlemen and well-to-do yeomen, who received from their fathers little more than an education and a very small allowance, and who did not become either military or maritime adventurers, opening their oyster with a sword, entered the Church or the profession of the law in its higher or lower grade; and as at that period there was much more demand for lawyers and much less for clergymen than there is now, and the Church had ceased to be a stepping stone to political power and patronage, while the law had become more than ever before an avenue to fame, to fortune, and to rank, by far the greater number of these young gentlemen aspired to the woolsack. But then, as now, the early years of professional life were seasons of sharp trial and bitter disappointment. Necessity pressed sorely or pleasure wooed resistlessly, and the slender purse wasted rapidly away while the young attorney or barrister awaited the employment that did not come. He knew then, as now he knows, the rich mans scorn, the proud mans contumely; nay, he felt, as now he sometimes feels, the tooth of hunger gnawing through the principles and firm resolves that partition a life of honor and self-respect from one darkened by conscious loss of rectitude, if not by open shame. HappyÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?yet, perhaps, oh, unhappyÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?he who now in such a strait can wield the pen of a ready writer!  ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?for the press, perchance, may afford him a support which, though temporary and precarious, will hold him up until he can stand upon more stable ground. But in the reigns of Good Queen Bess and Gentle Jami e there was no press. There was, however, an incessant demand for new plays. Play-going was the chief intellectual recreation of that day for all classes, high and low. It filled the place of our newspapers, our books, our lectures, our concerts, our pictureseeing and, in a great measure, of our social gatherings and amusements, of whatever nature. It is hardly extravagant to say, that there were then more new plays produced in London in a month than there are now in Great Britain and the United States in a year. To play-writing, then, the needy young attorney or barrister possessed of literary talent turned his eyes at that day, as he does now to journalism; and it is almost beyond a doubt, that, of the multitudinous plays of that period which have survived and the thousands which have perished, a large proportion were produced by the younger sons of country gentlemen, who, after taking their degrees at Oxford or Cambridge, or breaking away from those classic bounds ungraduated, entered the Inns of Court, according to the custom of their day and their condition. They wrote plays in Latin, and even in English, for themselves to act; and they got the professional players to act popular plays for them on festal days. What more natural, then, than that those who had the ability and the need should seek to recruit their slender means by supplying the constant demand for new plays? and how inevitable that some of them, having been successful. n their dramatic efforts, should give themselves up to play-writing! As do the great, so will the small. What the Inns-of-Court man did, the attorney would try to do. The players, though they loved the patronage of a lord, were very democratic in the matter of playmaking. If a play filled the house, they did not trouble themselves about the social or professional rank of him who wrote it; and thus came about that common practice for shifting companions to leave the trade of Noverint and busy themselves with the endeavors of art; and hence it is that the plays of the period of which we are writing have, in many passages, so strong a tinge of law. One reason for the regarding of Nashs sneer as especially directed against Shakespeare is the occurrence in it of the phrase, whole HamletsÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?I should say, handfuls of tragical speeches, which has been looked upon as an allusion to Shakespeares great tragedy. But the earliest edition of Hamlet known was published in 1603, and even this is all imperfect and surreptitiously obtained copy of an early sketch of the play. That Shakespeare had written this tragedy in 1586, when he was but twenty-two years old, is improbable to the verge of impossibility; and Nashs allusion, if, indeed, he meant a punning sneer at a play, which is not certain, was, doubtless, to an old lost version of the Danish tragedy upon which Shakespeare built Hamlet. We have, then, direct contemporary testimony, that, at the period of Shakespeares entrance upon London ife, it was a common practice for those lawyers whom want of success or all unstable disposition impelled to a change in their avocation to devote themselves to writing or translating plays; and this statement is not only sustained by all that we know of the customs of the time to which it refers, but is strongly confirmed by the notably frequent occurrence of legal phrases in the dramatic literature of that age. But the question, then, arisesÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?and it is one which, under the, circumstances, must be answeredÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?To what must we attribute the fact, that, of all the plays that have come down to us, written between 1580 and 1620, Shakespeares are most noteworthy in this respect? For it is true, that, among all the dramatic writers of that period, whose works have survived, not one uses the phraseology of the law with the frequency, the freedom, and the correctness of Shakespeare. Beaumont, for instance, was a younger son of a Judge of the Common Pleas, and, following the common routine that we have noticed, after leaving the University, became an Inns-of-Court man, but soon abandoned law for literature; his friend and associate, Fletcher, was the son of a bishop, but had an uncle who was a lawyer and a diplomatist, and is himself believed to have been of the Inns of Court. Rich gleanings of law-terms might, therefore, be expected from the plays written by these dramatists; yet it may safely be asserted, that from. Shakespeares thirty-seven plays at least twice as many passages marked by legal phraseology might be produced, as from the fifty-four written by Beaumont and Fletcher, together or alone! a fact the great significance of which is heightened by anotherÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?that it is only the vocabulary of the law to the use of which Shakespeare exhibits this proclivity. He avails himself, it is true, of the peculiar language of the physician, the divine, the husbandman, the soldier, and the sailor; but he uses these only on very rare occasions, by way of description, comparison, or illustration, when something in the scene or the subject in hand suggests them. But the technical language of the law runs from his pen as part of his vocabulary and parcel of his thought. The word purchase, for instance, which in ordinary use means to acquire by giving value, in law applies to all legal modes of obtaining property, except inheritance of descent. And the word in this peculiar and most technical sense occurs five times in Shakespeares thirty-seven plays, but only in a single passage if our memory and Mr. Dyces notes serve us in the fifty-four plays of Beaumont and Fletcher. Equal, or greater, is the comparative frequency with which Shakespeare uses other legal phrases; and much wider is the, disparity, in this regard, between him and the other dramatic writers of his whole periodÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Marlowe, Greene, Peele, Kyd, Lilly, Chapman, Jonson, Middleton, Marston, Ford, Webster, Massinger, and the undistinguished crowd. These facts dispose in great measure of the plausible suggestion which has been madeÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?that, as the courts of law in Shakespeares time occupied public attention much more than they do at present, they having then regulated the season, as the sittings of Parliament not then frequent or stated do now,ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¡ they would naturally be frequented by the restless, inquiring spirits of the time, Shakespeare among them, and that there he and his fellow-dramatists picked up the law-phrases which they wove into their plays and poems. But if this view of the case were the correct one, we should not find that disparity in the use of legal phrases which we have just remarked. Shakespeares genius would manifest itself in the superior effect with which he used knowledge acquired in this manner; but his genius would not have led him to choose the dry and affected phraseology of the law as the vehicle of his flowing thought, and to use it so much oftener than any other of the numerous dramatists of his time, to all of whom the courts were as open as to him. And the suggestion which we are now considering fails in two other most important respects. For we do not find either that Shakespeares use of legal phrases increased with his opportunities of frequenting the courts of law, or that the law-phrases, his use of which is most noteworthy and of most importance in the consideration of the question before us, are those which he would have heard oftenest in the course of the ordinary business of the courts in his day. To look at the latter point first, the law-terms used by Shakespeare are generally not those which he would have heard in ordinary trials at nisi prius or before the Kings Bench, but such as refer to the tenure or transfer of real property, fine and recovery, statutes, purchase, indenture, tenure, double voucher, fee simple, fee farm, remainder, reversion, dower, forfeiture, etc. , etc. ; and it is important to remember that suits about the title to real estate are very much rarer in England than they are with us, and in England were very much rarer in Shakespeares time than they are now. Here we buy and sell houses and lands almost as we trade in corn and cotton; but in England the transfer of the title of a piece of real estate of any consequence is a serious and comparatively rare occurrence, that makes great work for attorneys and conveyancing counsel; and two hundred and fifty years ago the facilities in this respect were very much less than they are now. Shakespeare could hardly have picked up his conveyancers jargon by hanging round the courts of law; and we findÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?to return to the first objectionÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?that, in his early plays, written just after he arrived in London, he uses this peculiar phraseology just as freely and with as exact a knowledge as he displayed in after years, when on the supposition in question he must have become much more familiar with it. Shakespeares earliest work that has reached us is, doubtless, to be found in King Henry the Sixth, The Comedy of Errors, and Loves Labors Lost. In the very earliest form of Part II of the first-named play The First Part of the Contention betwixt the two Houses of York and Lancaster, to which Shakespeare was doubtless a contributor, the part of Cade being among his contributions we find him making Cade declare Act iv. Sc. 7 Men shall hold of me in capite; and we charge and command that wives be as free as heart can wis h or tongue can tell. Both the phrases that we have Italicized express tenures, and very uncommon tenures of land. In the Comedy of Errors, when Dromio of Syracuse says Theres no time for a man to recover his hair that grows bald by nature, his master replies, May he not do it by fine and recovery? Fine and recovery was a process by which, through a fictitious suit, a transfer was made of the title in an entailed estate. In Loves Labors Lost, almost without a doubt the first comedy that Shakespeare wrote, on Boyets offering to kiss Maria, Act ii. Sc. 1 she declines the salute, and says, My lips are no common, though several they be. This passageÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?an important one for his purposeÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Lord Campbell has passed by, as he has some others of nearly equal consequence. Marias allusion is plainly to tenancy in common by several i. e. , divided, distinct title. See Coke upon Littleton, Lib. iii. Cap. iv. See. 292. She means, that her lips are several as being two, and as she says in the next line as belonging in common to her fortunes and herselfÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?yet they were no common pasture. Here, then, is Shakespeare using the technical language of conveyancers in his earliest works, and before he had ha d much opportunity to haunt the courts of law in London, even could he have made such legal acquirements in those schools. We find, too, that he uses law-terms in general with frequency notably greaterÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?in an excess of three or four to oneÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?than any of the other playwrights of his day, when so many playwrights were or had been Noverints or of the Inns of Court; that this excess is not observable with regard to his use of the vocabulary peculiar to any other occupation or profession, even that of the actor, which we know that he practised for many years but that, on the contrary, although he uses other technical language correctly, he avails himself of that of any single art or occupation with great rarity, and only upon special occasions. Lord Campbell remarks, as to the correctness with which Shakespeare uses legal phrasesÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and this is a point upon which his Lordship speaks with authorityÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?that he is amazed by the accuracy and propriety with which they are introduced, and in another place adds that Shakespeare uniformly lays down good law; and it is not necessary to be a Chief Justice of the Queens Bench to know that his Lordship is fully justified in assuring us that there is nothing so dangerous as for one not of the craft to tamper with our free-masonry. Remembering, then, that genius, though it reveals general and even particular truths, and facilitates all acquirement, does not impart facts or the knowledge of technical terms, in what manner can we answer or set aside the question that we have partly stated beforeÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?How did it happen that in an age when it was a common practice for young attorneys and barristers to leave their profession and take to writing plays and poems, one playwright left upon his works a stronger, clearer, sharper legal stamp than we can detect upon those of any other, and that he used the very peculiar and, to a layman, incomprehensible language of the law of real property, as it then existed, in his very earliest plays, written soon after he, a raw, rustic youth, bred in a retired village, arrived in London? How did it happen that this playwright ell into the use of that technical phraseology, the proper employment of which, more than any other, demands special training, and that he availed himself of it with apparent unconsciousness, not only so much oftener than all of his contemporaries, but with such exact knowledge, that one who has passed a long life in the professional employment of it, speaking as it were officially from the eminent position which he has wonÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Lord CampbellÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?declares that, While novelists and dramatists are constantly making mistakes as to the law of marriage, of wills, and of inheritance, to Shakespeares law, lavishly as he propounds it, there can neither be demurrer, nor bill of exceptions, nor writ of error? Must we believe, that the man, who, among all the lawyer-playwrights of his day, showedÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?not, be it noticed as we are at present regarding his works the profoundest knowledge of the great principles of law and equity, although he did that tooÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?but the most complete mastery of the technical phrases, the jargon, of the law and of its most abstruse branchÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?that relating to real estateÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?and who used it very much the oftenest of them all, and with an air of as entire unconsciousness as if it were a part of the language of his daily life, making no mistakes that can be detected by a learned professional criticÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?must we believe that this man was distinguished among those play-writing lawyers, not only by his genius, but his lack of particular acquaintance with the law? Or shall we rather believe that the son of the High Bailiff of Stratford, whose father was well-to-do in the world, and who was a somewhat clever lad and ambitious withal, was allowed to commence his studies for a profession for which his cleverness fitted him and by which he might reasonably hope to rise at least to moderate wealth and distinction, and that he continued these studies until his fathers loss of property, aided, perhaps, by some of those acts of youthful indiscretion which clever lads as well as dull ones sometimes will commit, threw him upon his own resourcesÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?and that then, having townsmen, perhaps fellow-students and playfellows, among the actors in London, and having used his pen, as we may be sure he had, for other purposes than engrossing and drawing precedents, he, like so many others of his time, left his trade of Noverint and went up to the metropolis to busy himself with endeavors of art? One of these conclusions is in the fac e of reason, probability, and fact; the other in accordance with them all. But of how little real importance is it to establish the bare fact, that Shakespeare was an attorneys cleric before he was an actor! Suppose it proved, beyond a doubtÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?what have we learned? Nothing peculiar to Shakespeare; but merely what was equally true of thousands of other young men, his contemporaries, and hundreds of thousands, if not millions, of those of antecedent and succeeding generations. It has a naked material relation to the other fact, that he uses legal phrases oftener than any other dramatist or poet; but with his plastic power over those grotesque and rugged modes of speech it has nought to do whatever. That was his inborn mastery. Legal phrases did nothing for him; but he much for them. Chance cast their uncouth forms around him, and the golden overflow from the furnace of his glowing thought fell upon them, glorifying and enshielding them forever. It would have been the same with the lumber of any other craft; it was the same with that of many othersÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?the difference being only of quantity, and not of kind. How, then, would the certainty that he had been bred to the law help us to the knowledge of Shakespeares lifeÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?of what he did for himself, thought for himself, how he joyed, how he suffered, what he was? Would it help us to know what the Stratford boys thought of him and felt toward him who was to write Lear and Hamlet, or how the men of London rewarded him who was a-writing them? Not a whit. To prove the fact would merely satisfy sheer aimless, fruitless curiosity; and it is a source of some reasonable satisfaction to know that the very people who would be most interested in the perusal of a biography of Shakespeare made up of the relation of such facts are they who have least right to know anything about him. Of the hundreds of thousands of people who giggled through their senseless hour at the American CousinÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?a play which in language, in action, in character, presents no semblance to human life or human creatures, as they are found on any spot under the canopy, and which seems to have been written on the model of the Interlude of Pyramus and Thisbe, for, in all the play, there is not one word apt, one player fittedÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?of the people to whom this play owed its monstrous success, and who, for that very reason, it is safe to say, think Shakespeare a bore on the stage and off it, a goodly number would eagerly buy and read a book that told them when he went to bed and what he had for breakfast, and would pay a ready five-cent piece for a picture of him, as he appeared in the attorneys office, to preserve as a companion to the equally veritable portrait of the Hon. Daniel E. Sickles, as he appeared in prison. Nay, it must be confessed that there are some Shakespearean enthusiasts ever dabbling and gabbling about what they call Shakespeariana, who would give more for the pen with which he engrossed a deed or wrote Hamlet, than for the ability to understand better than they do or ever can, what he meant by that mysterious tragedy. Biography has its charms and its uses; but it is not by what we know of their bare external facts that Lives of great men all remind us We can make our lives sublime, And departing leave behind us Footprints on the sands, of time. What the readers of Shakespeare, who are worthy to know aught of him long to know, would have been the same, had he been bred lawyer, physician, soldier, or sailor. It is of his real life, not of its mere accidents, that they crave a knowledge; and of that life, it is to be feared, they will remain forever ignorant, unless he himself has written it.