Of Mice And Men Friendship And Loneliness - 1274 Words

Of Mice and Men: Friendship and Loneliness Peyton Willett Period 1 In John Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men a man and his mentally slow best friend embark on the journey of life together. Their friendship is very strong and this is unusual due to the other characters in the book being very lonely. Every time the two men get a job Lennie makes a mistake and they are forced to leave. After all of their intense work they hope they can finally have their dream and get a place they can call their own. Between the two major themes of friendship and loneliness Steinbeck’s novel is a success. One way he establishes the theme of loneliness is through the setting itself. Part one of the novel is set in a pleasant and peaceful river a few miles south of Soledad. The river comes off very remote and isolated. This is the complete opposite of where the rest of the book is mainly set. It is set on a ranch where George and Lennie the two main characters manage to find work. The ranch displays isolation mainly through the actions characters take and the eve nts that happen. The characters in the novel also contribute to the understanding of the theme of loneliness.George and Lennie are like two halves, â€Å"The first man was small and quick, dark of face, with restless eyes and sharp strong features.† George is the smaller of the two men but has taken care of Lennie for a while, since Lennie’s Aunt Clara died and this highlights the theme of friendship. George getsShow MoreRelatedFriendship And Loneliness In John Steinbecks Of Mice And Men779 Words   |  4 PagesThe characters make dreams that cannot be achieved in John Steinbeck’s, Of Mice and Men, where friendship and loneliness are shown by certain characters in this novella. Friendship is one of the key character traits in the novella. For instance, friendship would be Lennie and George, their friendship is what holds them together and although Lennie is not smart, George still accompanies him as a friend. Continuously as George play more tricks on Lennie he began to see how Lennie didnt care forRead MoreTo What Extent Is Of Mice and Men More Effective Than Rainman in Giving Us Understandings of Loneliness and Friendship?1553 Words   |  7 PagesSteinbecks novel Of Mice and Men cannot accurately be compared in effectiveness of its themes with the movie Rainman. The importance of each theme differs in both- in Steinbecks novel, loneliness is the most dominant theme, and in Rainman the major theme is friendship. Levinson and Steinbeck both do a brilliant job at showing the major themes in both materials to the greatest of their potential, and the minor themes are somewhat overpowered because of this. One extremely clever way thatRead MoreOf Mice and Men Loneliness Essay1123 Words   |  5 PagesOf Mice and Men Essay: ‘Soledad’ means loneliness. Why is this relevant in ‘Of Mice and Men’? The relevance of ‘Of Mice and Men’ being set in the town of Soledad comes from the parallels drawn between the meaning of the name ‘Soledad’ and the deeper sense of loneliness expressed through the characters of the novella. The symbolism of the loneliness that is associated with the town of Soledad establishes an underlying sense of loneliness in all characters. The author uses a variety of techniquesRead MoreEssay on Theme of Loneliness in John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men1136 Words   |  5 PagesThe Theme of Loneliness in Of Mice and Men      Ã‚  Ã‚   In the novel, Of Mice and Men John Steinbeck used George and Lennies relationship and the theme of hope to point out the loneliness in the novel. The novel starts off and is set in Soledad which means lonely. At the beginning they get a job working on a farm together. Lennie is a little retarded and has great physical strength that isnt too controllable. As they work from ranch to ranch, Lennie relies on George for guidance and help. RatherRead MoreOf Mice and Men Essay770 Words   |  4 PagesYour mom B6 January 13, 2010 Of Mice and Men essay An allegory is a work where characters are symbols of ideas. They may symbolize anything from honesty to sadness. In an allegorical novel these characters and the ideas they represent form together to suggest a moral. The novel, Of Mice and Men is one of these allegorical novels. Its theme or moral is about friendship: the friendship of George and Lennie. The actions of the characters that represent ideas in the story bring about the chanceRead MoreOf Mice and Men by John Steinbeck973 Words   |  4 Pagescanals and working beside men similar to characters in his novels. 2. In a discussion John Steinbeck said, I worked in the same country that the story is laid in. The characters are composites to a certain extent. Lennie was a real person. Hes in an insane asylum in California right now. I worked alongside him for many weeks . . .† (Parini 27) a. During the interview Steinbeck told his personal experiences that permitted him to write and construct the novel Of Mice and Men. II. Proof of Thesis Read MoreSolitary Confinement Is The Ultimate Punishment, Surpassing Torture And Even Death1439 Words   |  6 Pagescorruption is present throughout the story Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck, taking place on a Great-Depression-era ranch where all of the characters are secluded in some way. Solitude disintegrates dreams, unveils the desire to ravage the impuissant, and numbs the longing for friendship. Solitude erodes dreams and goals because the lack of achievement causes one to regret and destroy their goals. To start with, the stable buck Crooks in Of Mice and Men dreams of his childhood, owning â€Å"a strawberryRead MoreIsolation In Of Mice And Men1092 Words   |  5 Pages Egbu 1 While reading and evaluating Of Mice and Men (1937) by the famed novelist John Steinbeck, the several relationships in the story reveal both true, authentic friendship, as well as the opposite, sad, desperate degrees of loneliness and plummeting isolation. Similar to the people that we come across in our lives, a handful of the characters in Of Mice and Men portray false faces of contentment, yet in actuality, they are alone and caught feeling stuck and empty on the inside. On the otherRead MoreOf Mice And Men : Exploring The Ways Steinbeck Presents The Ranch1511 Words   |  7 PagesOf Mice and Men essay: Exploring the ways Steinbeck presents the ranch Steinbeck wrote Of Mice and Men in early 1930s and it was published in 1937. During 1930s, America was still suffering from the lack of steady jobs, which made peoples have to travel from town to town to able to seek short term employment. Of Mice and Men based on Steinbeck’s own experience, it is a short book which all the events are happened over the weekend. The title of the novel is taken from Robert Burns’ poem written inRead MoreEssay On Loneliness835 Words   |  4 Pagesone. Loneliness can have many negative effects on a person’s well-being. Some results could be craziness, depression, or even sickness. These effects could lead to even worse mental health issues. In order for humans to be happy, friendships and connections are vital; as well as never keeping isolated from the world. The characters George, Lennie and Crooks were all affected by loneliness. All these characters were affected in different ways. In John Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men, lo neliness has a

Symbolism â€Rendering the Hidden Meaning of the Story

Symbolism –Rendering The Hidden Meaning of The Story Symbolism is an important element in reinforcing the meaning of a story. It is a kind of formalist strategies which helps the reader understand the images that the author is trying to say in words. Symbolism is widely used in â€Å"The Story of An Hour† and â€Å"The Cranes†, which use conventional symbols, literary symbols, and even allegory. â€Å"The Story of An Hour† is written by Kate Chopin. Mrs. Mallard hears of her husband’s death from her husband’s friend Richards. At first, she feels depressed, but then she feels free and can have her own new life after thinking things through. Sadly, her â€Å"new† life is cut short by the abrupt return of Mr. Mallard. Mrs. Mallard, who has a bad heart, was so†¦show more content†¦The couple is symbolized as crane but they commit suicide to end their dreadful life suffering from their sickness. The author uses the water and hull of car as symbols in the story. â€Å"the water looked like metal, still and hard.† (Meinke, 259) and â€Å"The hull of the car gleamed beetle-like –dull and somehow sinister in its metallic isolation.† (Meinke, 260) shows the symbolization by describing the water and hull of the car. Both of the descriptions are related to the gun that the couple uses for committing suicide. They are hard, metallic like, and callous which is just like the gun. These also symbolize the grim tone in the story. It is stillness because the couple is going to commit suicide. The final symbol in the story is the direction that the cranes fly to. â€Å"†¦their great wings beating the air and their long slender necks pointed like arrows toward the sun.† (Meinke, 260) After the couple kiss and close the eyes, the cranes fly toward the sun. This is a symbol of western paradise of ultimate bliss, which means they kill themselves by shooting the gun to end their lives. Flying toward the sun is a traditional symbol that says that people will go to paradise after they die. The combination of those symbols in the story raises the controversy of suicide to the readers. Refering to the story, the couple chooses euthanasia because they are in pain from sickness. It also raises the question of whether weShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Poem Battle Royal 857 Words   |  4 Pagesthe elements of a test contribute to a story’s meaning. The images, symbols, and metaphors in Ellison’s â€Å"Battle Royal† give this story a whole new meaning. In 1947, when this short story was published, the black community was at an all-time low. The main aspects of this piece have ambiguous meanings behind them. The grandfather’s death scene, the naked dancer, the battle royal, the narrator’s speech, and the narrator’s dream all have significant symbolism. The grandfather’s death had a major impactRead MoreThe Graphic Adaptation of The Cask of Amontillado1727 Words   |  7 Pagesauthor, living from January 19, 1809 - October 7, 1849, Poe is best known for his thrilling and macabre short stories. His final short story, The Cask of Amontillado, is a gloomy tale of murderous revenge, set in the catacombs of Italy, and embedded with symbolism told from a first-person narrative. Poe is a master of allegorical writing, his eerie works compel the reader to explore hidden meanings and ideas concealed within his works. Fantographics Books should strongly consider combining the artisticRead MoreStained Glass : Illumination Of The Gothic Age1821 Words   |  8 Pagesaffluent of Rome commissioned artists to create stained glass windows for their homes. However, it wasn’t until the dawning of the Gothic period during the eighth century that the form and artistry of the stained glass window took on a whole new meaning. The particul ar stained glass windows I would like to use in my critique and analysis of an example of stained glass within the Gothic period is the Rose window and lancets found in the Chartres Cathedral, Chartres, France, ca. 1220. During the GothicRead More Allegory, Symbolism, and Madness – Comparing the Demons of Edgar Allan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne3842 Words   |  16 PagesAllegory, Symbolism, and Madness – Comparing the Demons of Edgar Allan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne As contemporaries of each other, Edgar Allan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne endeavored to write about man’s dark side, the supernatural influence, and moral truths. Each writer saw man as the center-point in his stories; Poe sees man’s internal struggle as madness, while Hawthorne sees man as having a â€Å"secret sin.† Each had their reasons for writing in the Gothic format. Poe was notRead More Flannery OConnors Short Fiction Essay examples3159 Words   |  13 PagesHer short stories routinely end in horrendous, freak fatalities or, at the very least, a characters emotional devastation. Working his way through Greenleaf, Everything that Rises Must Converge, or A Good Man is Hard to Find, the new reader feels an existential hollowness reminiscent of Camus The Stranger; OConnors imagination appears a barren, godless plane of meaninglessness, punctuated by pockets of random, mindless cruelty. In reality, her writing is filled with meaning and symbolismRead MoreThe Analysis of the Mythic Dimension in ‘a Streetcar Named Desired’6094 Words   |  25 Pagesof Williams’s alchemical art. MYTHOLOGY can be defined as a body of interconnected myths, or stories, told by a specific cultural group to explain the world consistent with a people’s experience of the world in which they live.  [The word â€Å"myth† comes from the ancient Greek word meaning â€Å"story† or â€Å"plot,† and was applied to stories sacred and secular, invented and true.]   Myths often begin as sacred stories that offer supernatural explanations for the creation of the world . . . and humanity, as wellRead MoreAstrology and Alchemy - the Occult Roots of the Mbti4990 Words   |  20 Pagesand cosmology such as Buddhism, Taoism, Sufism and complementary medicine, has enjoyed a renaissance over the last 25 years. Many of these systems trace their origins to nonEuropean and pre-modern roots. This renewed interest reflects a search for meaning within systems of knowledge that approach the world in a less objective way than modernist, scientific approaches. As Ritzer (1998 ) says, while rationalisation and more accountability are being lauded in many institutions, a countervailing desireRead MoreBasics of Studying Literature3647 Words   |  15 Pagesis intended to help in the formation of intelligent and appreciative judgments. SUBSTANCE AND FORM. The most thoroughgoing of all distinctions in literature, as in the other Fine Arts, is that between (1) Substance, the essential content and meaning of the work, and (2) Form, the manner in which it is expressed (including narrative structure, external style, in poetry verse-form, and many related matters). This distinction should be kept in mind, but in what follows it will not be to our purposeRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesmay prove helpful. PLOT The Elements of Plot When we refer to the plot of a work of fiction, then, we are referring to the deliberately arranged sequence of interrelated events that constitute the basic narrative structure of a novel or a short story. Events of any kind, of course, inevitably involve people, and for this reason it is virtually impossible to discuss plot in isolation from character. Character and plot are, in fact, intimately and reciprocally related, especially in modern fictionRead MoreKhasak14018 Words   |  57 PagesAND MIND: A PSYCHOANALYTIC AND MYTHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF O V VIJAYAN’S THE LEGENDS OF KHASAK explores how the judicious selection and use of literary theory can account for the universal appeal of The Legends of Khasak, a belated self translated rendering of a famous regional work in Malayalam, Khasakkinte Ithihasam authored by the eminent writer O V Vijayan, and thus assert its artistic value. Divided into four chapters, the dissertation blends the kin theories of Psychoanalytic and Myth ological

What Makes A Leader - 981 Words

What It Means to be a Leader Successful collaboration requires strong and reliable leaders to guide individuals through decisions. Anyone can be placed in charge, but there are few people who can govern efficiently. A leader is a person who has been trusted with the responsibility of the group and is looked towards for guidance. A capable supervisor is just as important as a dedicated worker. Certain characteristics are required in order to fulfill the role of a leader. Knowing the characteristics needed in a leader will help people establish better cooperation among the people they work with. An effective leader has integrity, awareness, creativity, confidence, optimism, focus and accountability. The first and most important aspect of†¦show more content†¦Thirdly, creativity is needed to manage a group. It requires a certain amount of divergent and convergent thinking in order to be a leader. Divergent thinking is the act of coming up with multiple solutions to a problem while convergent thinking is carefully determining the single best solution. Both are essential when determining the correct course of action. Being able to determine a solution to problem is what sets leaders apart from followers. Along with having creative decisions, a leader has to have confidence in the decisions they make. They need to be able to decisively make a choice and then follow that choice with conviction. They should never be disinclined to make a decision. Also a leader has to have confidence in the actions of their group. He or she should trust that the jobs assigned will be handled in a timely manner. During stressful moments a leader remains placid so that others will stay calm. Furthermore, a leader needs to be able to inspire confidence in the people they lead. They motivate the people around them by communicating and teaching clearly.They are able to convince their followers that they are worthy to be followed. They set high, but attainable, goals to challenge the team to be great. When times are difficult, they are a source of reassurance and optimism. Additionally, a leader requires a strong focus on their goals.

The Rights Of The American Revolution - 1015 Words

Prior to the American Revolution, the right to be secure against unreasonable searches and seizures did not exist. (Levy, 1999). The Bill of Rights was introduced and ratified in 1791, it contains the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. The Bill of Rights define and interpret constitutional rights and protections that are guaranteed under the US Constitution. The Fourth Amendment to the Constitution addresses search and seizure statues, it states ... â€Å"Amendment IV The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.† According to Leonard W. Levy, a Pulitzer Prize historian, â€Å"the Fourth Amendment emerged not only from the American Revolution; it was a constitutional embodiment of the extraordinary coupling of Magna Carta to the appealing fiction that a man s home is his castle.† (Levy, 1999). There have been challenges to the Constitution and The Bill of Rights since their inception. The Supreme Court has the legal and final authority for rulings on these constitutional rights and challenges. The Supreme Court is responsible for settling disputes that arise out of differing interpretations. Three significant cases concerning the Fourth Amendment are Weeks v.Show MoreRelatedVoting Rights During The American Revolution2277 Words   |  10 PagesBefore the American Revolution, men and women were held under the British reign of the king. But when they war was over, only white men with land were allowed to vote (Jansson). For years women fought for the right to vote, watching their husbands and sons vote before they were able to vote. African American men and women also faced the challenges of obtaining the right to vote. Their fight for the chance to vote affected so much of our history. Once they obtained the right to vote, shifts occurredRead MoreWomens Rights: Before and After the American Revolution1697 Words   |  7 PagesWomen’s Rights: Before and After the American Revolution The American Revolution played a significant role in lives of nearly every person in America. Most men left their wives, mothers, sisters and daughters in charge of farms and businesses when they left to fight in the Patriot armies. There were many men, who had no farms or businesses, left their women with absolutely nothing to fall back on. This led to a significant increase in the population of impoverished women in several citiesRead MoreWomen s Rights During The American Revolution1961 Words   |  8 Pages During the American Revolution, most women stayed home and sewed and cooked for their family and stayed subservient to their husbands. Some women went a step further and went to the front and nursed the wounded. At that time, women were not allowed to do a lot. A lot of women fought for their rights. Abigail Adams, the wife of John Adams and mother of John Quincy Adams, helped plant the seeds that would start women and men thinking about women s rights and roles in a country that had been foundedRead MoreThe American Revolution s Fights Over Taxes And Social Rights1372 Words   |  6 PagesUndignified American Revolution’s fights over taxes and social rights. (Is it okey if I will start my paragraph with my thesis? My classmates suggested me to put a background information before; however, I have it after my thesis. ) The American Revolution was not a war, rather a fight over unfair taxes and denied social rights. During the Revolution that happened in 1763 until 1783, patriot colonists fought over loyalist British taxes, that later brought into freedom and unfair social rights. CountlessRead MorePolitical Change : The American And French Revolutions And The Civil Rights Movement968 Words   |  4 PagesPolitical change is when there is a change in leadership or a change in policy of a government due to a significant disruption such as a social movement or revolution. If the citizens of a country feel that they are being treated unjustly by their rulers, and the rulers think that their ways of governing are satisfactory then a discord is struck and conflict arises between them (Study blue). The main causes of this discord are mostly soc ial issues such as hunger, racism, climate change etc. and/orRead MoreTriumph Of The Right : George Wallace, Richard Nixon, And The American Revolution1459 Words   |  6 PagesUnited States. Controversy surrounded these changes whether they were good or bad for the nation and leaving many Americans questioning the power of urban and political movements. In the excerpt â€Å"Triumph of the Left: Sixties Revolution and The Revolution in Manners† Kenneth Cmiel from the University of Iowa shows how the era of the sixties altered and affected the morals of many Americans when they encountered discrimination, hatred, and inequality. Along with that, Dan T. Carter carefully analyzesRead MoreThe American Revolution : The Revolution1367 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Revolution Revolutionizes the World It was the first revolution to majorly succeed and change how people saw their countries, it was the American Revolution. The American Revolution was the first successful revolution against a European empire that provided a model for many other colonial peoples who realized that they too could break away and become self-governing nations (New world Encyclopedia, 1).The American Revolution was vital to history because ideas seen by other countries startedRead MoreHistory : The American Revolution Essay1435 Words   |  6 Pagesmoral quality, which was strongly held in the people’s hearts in America, and it consequently spread to other countries in the world. It is believed that American Revolution was the most important chapter in human history just because it was their action that made the ideals of liberty, equality, and justice to materialize. The American Revolution had a very big significance worldwide as it changed the world not by removing and altering of power in any o f the states but by the appearance of the newRead MoreHistory : The American Revolution1442 Words   |  6 Pagesmoral quality, which was strongly held in the people’s hearts in America, and it consequently spread to other countries in the world. It is believed that American Revolution was the most important chapter in human history just because it was their action that made the ideals of liberty, equality, and justice to materialize. The American Revolution had a very big significance worldwide as it changed the world not by removing and altering of power in any of the states but by the appearance of the newRead MoreThe American And French Revolutions1517 Words   |  7 PagesThe American French Revolutions The American Revolution and French Revolution were unique in world history because they used the ideas of freedom and equality from the Enlightenment, but understood them differently at the same time. Both revolutions occurred around the same time- the 18th Century, the American Revolution began on the 4th of July when Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence (Dr. Taylor). The French Revolution then follows in 1789, provoked by â€Å"...a greater demand

What Causes Racism Persists - 1568 Words

LaMonte Patterson Dr. Almas English 132, Section 17 04 October 2017 lamonte.patterson16@gmail.com What Causes Racism Persists? Could a tree be racist? Could a tree decide, based on race, how much oxygen it’d provide to the people around it? Could a tree emulate the evil of man? Regardless of how you’d answer those questions, trees and racism hold one important parallel: without their roots, they can’t exist. Roots allow racism, like trees, to live, build, and continue. Today racism persists due to the benefit racism offers the white collective, the confusion that inundates race and racism, the failures of leaders in the Black community, and the U.S. justice and police systems that disproportionately target non-whites. Racism continues†¦show more content†¦There is only one race: humanity. The white race, or any other race, is simply a tool used to divide one group from another (Ponds 23). The divisions that we live under today aren’t natural ones. They were invented by racists for the sole purpose of continuing racism. Asian-American, Black, Hispanic are all misnomers meant to highlight differences that may only exist in our brains. In the Eurocentric society, whiteness is used as the means of excluding most of the world from the privilege of being able exercise full freedom: This meaning of whiteness is implicit in the use of the color white to refer to people whose color is actually more pink than white. Whiteness suggests an absence of color, a way of thinking that nonwhite people adopt when they refer to themselves as people of color. The fact is that we are all people of one color or another. If white people referred to themselves as pink people, they would join the club of those who have one color or another and would be just like everyone else. (Altman 48) Without the concept of whiteness, there is no white privilege or race itself. Racism combines the man-made notion of race with the power needed to discriminate. If racism confuses you, anything else that you interpret will also confuse you, and your confusion in turn will preserve racism. If confusion surrounds race, it is only logical that it would also surround racism. As a people, we are confused. The most commonShow MoreRelatedWhat Is Domestic Violence?992 Words   |  4 Pagesthe dominant discourses that are present. It is illustrated with this situation that the dominant forces are racism and sexism. A society that discriminates immigrants, minimizing their economic opportunities causes their families to move into poverty. This then leads to the formation of a violent space at home, the only place where the father in the household still holds power similar to what they held in everyday situations in their native country. Although no situation is the same, the common themeRead MoreRacism : The Unseen Monster1511 Words   |  7 Pagesold as mankind itself. This monster is known by many names; some call it racism, others discrimination but the only thing certain about this monstrosity is that it can be overcome if we all unite to fight against it. Racism is â€Å"a belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race† (Merriam Webster). Racism has multiple causes ranging from living in a secluded community, to the basic instincts ofRead MoreRacial Discrimination : An American Civil Rights Activist942 Words   |  4 Pagessaturates our society in modern ways. Though racism may be less blatant now in many cases, its existence is undeniable.† (Al Sharpton. BrainyQuote.com) Racial discrimination is a pessimistic reality that affects everyone in our society. Racism has destroyed and ended many lives but continues to happen due to this country being burdened by a racial blockade.. The legacy of discrimination continues to weigh on present-day. Current day discrimination persists through American life in various aspects likeRead MoreDiscrimination Hurts Us All by Spencer Poku-Kankam1712 Words   |  7 Pagesaccording to Webster, entered our vocabulary in 1648. 365 years later, the word stirs feelings of anger and resentment, cries for justice and demonstrates our ongoing debate in this country about who we want to be as a people. Not simply a matter of racism, xenophobia and homophobia, other groups experience discrimination as well. Religious minorities, women, those suffering from obesity, children, rehabilitated former criminals, the elderly, the handicapped and the poor are all victims of bias andRead MoreSegregation Within The Housing Market843 Words   |  4 PagesWhen people talk about racism throughout modern society, a question that emerges is â€Å"How does modern racism influence residency and neighborhoods in economic and political viewpoints?† Some argue that segregation within the housing market has been a devastating, long-term, issue for African Americans a s a result of racial zoning due to income along with race, while others believe that the United States has indeed enforced policies to prevent blacks from obtaining and maintaining wealth to merge withRead MoreThe Racism Of African Americans959 Words   |  4 PagesThe embedment of racism into American society has created severe disadvantages for African Americans. In addition to the negative effects of individual racism, systemic racism s crushing discrimination has devastated the African Americans in this country. Due to the horrors of systemic racism many African Americans find themselves at economic and social disadvantages. The education opportunities they encounter are far more limited than the ones White Americans do. As a result, African AmericansRead MoreRacial Discrimination : The World Has More Than 6 Billion People With A Diversity Of Human Races808 Words   |  4 Pagesone of a kind dwelling conditions while genetic mutations introduced precise traits to the people. L ikewise, the concept of race, a group of people with genetic and physical features that different from another group of people, is a truth. Hence, racism is when the foundation of discrimination is race. This discrimination is most commonly the outcome of a perspective known as prejudice. Among full-time workers, Whites earn over 22 percent more than equivalent African American workers and almost 34Read MoreAdmit You re A Racist By John Blake976 Words   |  4 Pagesaccept, since being racist is socially unacceptable today. The author wants the audience to see that when one makes prejudicial racist statements, that the person is racist. The author also wants people to see that it is important for people to see racism in themselves so that they can make a change in themselves, thus making society a better place. John Blake argues that people have racist ideologues imbedded in them successfully by use of ethos and logos arguments. The intended audience forRead MoreFreire s Theory Of The Oppressed And The Oppressor Collins, Brooks, And Kidd1628 Words   |  7 PagesAs society continues to evolve people maintain their quest to accept full humanity, in this process individuals question not only who their authentic self is, but what is keeping them from accepting that version of themselves. A question which Freire addresses in his Pedagogy of the Oppressed as he emphasizes how liberation transcends time, and atmosphere. Instead he chooses to illustrate a process which is embodied by acceptance of the oppressor, activism, fellowship, solidarity, and reflectionRead MoreThe Priorities Of The United States Public Policy Making Process949 Words   |  4 Pagesinequalities emerge and persist. What is Garbage Wars? Garbage Wars is a study of solid waste and pollution issues in minority communities of urban areas written by David Naguib Pellow. It conveys the issue of waste disposal through a sociological lens by addressing the environmental injustice as racism that has occurred for decades in major cities, specifically Chicago, Illinois. It is a historical analysis that offers a framework to explain the development of environmental racism rather than a technical

Part Two William Shakespeare Attorney At Law Essay Example For Students

Part Two William Shakespeare Attorney At Law Essay Part Two William Shakespeare Attorney At Law Lord Campbell, as we have just seen, mentions Henry VIII as one of the fourteen plays in which he has found nothing which relates to the question in hand; but Mr. Rushton opens his batteries with the following passage from the very play just named; and to most readers it will seem a bomb of the largest dimensions, sent right into the citadel of his opponents: Suff. Lord Cardinal, the kings further pleasure is, Because all those things you have done of late By your power legatine within this kingdom Fall into compass of a premunire, That therefore such a writ be sued against you, To forfeit all your goods, lands, tenements, Chattels, and whatsoever, and to be Out of the kings protection:ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?this is my charge. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?King Henry VIII, Act iii. Sc. 2. We shall first remark, that, in spite of his declaration as to Henry VIII, Lord Campbell does cite and quote this very, passage p. 2; and, indeed, he must have been as unappreciative as he seems to have been inaccurate, had he failed to do so; for, upon its face, it is, with one or two exceptions, the most important passage of the kind to be found in Shakespeares works. Premunire is thus defined in an old law-book, which was accessible to Shakespeare: Premunire is a writ, and it lieth where any man sueth any other in the spirituall court for anything that is determinable in the Kings Court, and that is ordeined by certaine statutes, and great punishment therefore ordeined, as it appeareth by the same statutes, viz. that he shall be out of the Kings protection, and that he be put in prison without baile or mainprise till that he have made fine at the Kings will, and that his landes and goods shal be forfait, if he come not within ij. moneths. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Termes de la Ley, 1595, fol. 144. The object of the writ was to prevent the abuse of spiritual power. Now, here is a law-term quite out of the common, which is used by Shakespeare with a well-deployed knowledge of the power of the writ of which it is the name. Must we, therefore, suppose that Shakespeare had obtained his knowledge of the purpose and the power of this writ in the course of professional reading or practice? If we looked no farther than Shakespeares page, such a supposition might seem to be warranted. But if we turn to Michael Draytons Legend of Great Cromwell, first published, we believe, in 1607, but certainly some years before Henry VIII was written, and the subject of which figures in that play, we find these lines, This Me to urge the Premunire wonne, Ordaind in matters dangerous and hie; In t which the heedlesse Prelacie were runne That back into the Papacie did flie.  ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Ed. 1619, p. 382. Here is the very phrase in question, used with a knowledge of its meaning and of the functions of the writ hardly less remarkable than that evinced in the passage from Henry VIII, though expressed in a different manner, owing chiefly to the fact that Drayton wrote a didactic poem and Shakespeare a drama. But Drayton is not known to have been an attorneys clerk, nor has he been suspected, from his writings, or any other cause, to have had any knowledge of the law. Both he and Shakespeare, however, read the Chronicles. Reading men perused Halls and Holinsheds huge blackletter folios in Queen Elizabeths time with as much interest as they do Macaulays or Prescotts elegant octavos in the reign of her successor, Victoria. Shakespeare drew again and again upon the former for the material of his historical plays; and in writing Henry VIII he adopted often the very language of the Chronicler. The well-known description of Wolsey, which he puts into the mouth of Queen Katherine, He was a man Of an unbounded stomach, ever ranking Himself with princes; one that by suggestion Tithd all the kingdom: Simony was fair play: His own opinion was his law: I the presence He would say untruths; and be ever double, Both in his words and meaning: He was never, But where he meant to ruin, pitiful: His promises were, as he then was, mighty; But his performance, as he is now, nothing: Of his own body he was ill, and gave The clergy ill example, is little more than the following paragraph from Holinshed put into verse: This cardinal as you may perceive in this storie was of a great stomach, for he compted himselfe equall with princes, and by craftie suggestion gat into his hands innumerable treasure: he forced little on simonie, and was not pittiful, and stood affectionate in his owne opinion: in open presence he would lie and saie untruth, and was double both in speach and meaning: he wou ld promise much and performe little: he was vicious of his bodie, and gave the clergie evill example. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Ed. 1587, vol. iii. p. 922. Turning back from the page on which the Chronicler comments upon the life of the dead prime-minister, to that on which he records his fall, we find these passages: In the meane time, the king, being informed that all those things that the cardinall had doone by his power legatine within this realme were in the case of the premunire and provision, caused his attornie, Christopher Hales, to sue out a writ of premunire against him. . . . . . After this in the kings bench his matter for the premunire being called upon, two atturneis which he had authorised by his warrant, signed with his owne hand, confessed the action, and so bad judgement to forfeit all his lands, tenements, goods, and cattels, and to be out of the kings protection. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Ib. p. 909. If the reader will look back at the passage touching the premunire, quoted above, he will see that these few lines from Raphael Holinshed are somewhat fatal to an argument in favor of Shakespeares legal acquirements, in so far as it rests in any degree upon the use of terms or the knowledge displayed in that passage. Shakespeare and Drayton are here in the same boat, though not with the same sculls. Before we shelve HolinshedÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?for the good Raphaels folios are like Falstaff in size, if not in wit, and, when once laid flat-long, require levers to set them up on end againÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?let us see if he cannot help us to account for more of the legalisms that our Lord Chief Justice and our barrister have smelt out in Shakespeares historical plays. Mr. Rushton quotes the following passages from Richard II: York. Is not Gaunt dead? and doth not Hereford live? * * * Take Herefords rights away, and take from time His charters and his customary rights; Let not to-morrow, then, ensue to-day: Be not thyself; for how art thou a king, But by fair sequence and succession? Now, afore God, God forbid I say true! If you do wrongfully seize Herefords rights, Call in the letters patents that he hath By his attorneys-general to sue, His livery, and deny his offerd homage, You pluck a thousand dangers on your head. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Act ii. Sc. 1. Bol. I am denied to sue my livery here, And yet my letters patents give me leave: My fathers goods are all distraind and sold; And these, and all, are all amiss employed. What would you have me do? I am a subject, And challenge law: Attorneys are denied me; And therefore personally I lay my claim To my inheritance of free descent. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Ib. Sc. 3. And Lord Campbell, although he passes by these passages in Richard II, quotes, as important, from a speech of Hotspurs in the First Part of Henry IV, the following lines, which, it will be seen, refer to the same act of oppression on the part of Richard II towards Bolingbroke: He came but to be Duke of Lancaster, To sue his livery and beg his bread. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Act iv. Sc. 3. But, here again, Shakespeare, although he may have known more law than Holinshed, or even Hall, who was a barrister, only used the law-terms that he found in the paragraph which furnished him with the incident that he dramatized. For, after recording the death of Gaunt, the Chronicle goes on: The death of this duke gave occasion of increasing more hatred in the people of this realme toward the king; for he seized into his hands all the rents and reuenues of his hands which ought to have descended unto the duke of Hereford by lawfull inheritance, in reuoking his letters patents which he had granted to him before, by virtue whereof he might make, his attorneis generall to sue liverie for him of any manner of inheritances or possessions that might from thencefoorth fall unto him, and that his homage might be respited with making reasonable fine, etc. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?HOLINSHED, Ed. 1587, p. 496. The only legal phrase, however, in these passages of Richard II, which seems to imply very extraordinary legal knowledge, is the one repeated in Henry IVÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?sue his livery,ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?which was the term applied to the process by which, in the old feudal tenures, wards, whether of the king or other guardian, on arriving at legal age, could compel a delivery of their estates to them from their guardians. But hence, it became a metaphorical expression to mean merely the attainment of majority, and in this sense seems to have been very generally understood and not uncommonly used. See the following, from an author who was no attorney or attorneys clerk: If Cupid Shoot arrows of that weight, Ill swear devoutly Has sued his livery and is no more a boy. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?FLETCHERS Womans Prize, Act ii. Sc. 1. And this, from the works of a divine: Our little Cupid hath sued livery And is no more in his minority. ÃÆ' ¢Ã ƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?DONNES Eclogues, 1613. Spenser, too, uses the phrase figuratively in another sense, in the following passageÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?which may be one of those which Chalmers had in his eye, when, according to Lord Campbell, he first suggested that Shakespeare was once an attorneys clerk: She gladly did of that same Babe accept, As of her owne by liverey and seisin; And having over it a little wept, She bore it thence, and ever as her owne it kept. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Faerie Queene, B. VI. C. iv. st. 37. So, for instance of the phrase fee, which Lord Campbell notices as one of those expressions and allusions which crop out in Hamlet, showing the substratum of law in the author mind, We go to gain a little patch of ground, That hath in it no profit but the name. To pay five ducats, five, I would not farm it; Nor will it yield to Norway or the Pole A ranker rate, should it be sold in fee. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Act iv. Sc. 2. and of which Mr. Rushton quotes several instances in its fuller form, fee simple,ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?we have but to turn back a few stanzas in this same canto of the Faerie Queene, to find one in which the term is used with the completest apprehension of its meaning: So is my lord now seizd of fill the land, As in his fee, with peaceable estate, And quietly doth hold it in his hand, Ne any dares with him for it debate. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Ib. st. 30. And in the next canto: Of which the greatest part is due to me, And heaven itself, by heritage in fee. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Ib. C. vii. st. 15. And in the first of these two passages from the Faerie Queene, we have two words, seized and estate, intelligently and correctly used in their purely legal sense, as Shakespeare himself uses them in the following passages, which our Chief Justice and our barrister have both passed by, as, indeed, they have passed many others equally worthy of notice: Did forfeit with his life all those his lands Which he stood seizd of to the conqueror. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Hamlet, Act i. Sc. 1. The terms of our estate may not endure Hazard so near us, ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Ib. Act iii. Sc. 3. Part Three William Shakespeare Attorney At Law Among the most important passages cited by both our authors is one that every reader of Shakespeare will recollect, when it is mentioned to himÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Hamlets speech over the, skull in the grave-digging scene. But although this speech is remarkable for the number of law terms used in it, only one of them seems to evince any recondite knowledge of the law. This is the word statutes, in the following sentence: This fellow might be ins time a buyer of land, with his statutes, his recognizances, his fines, his double vouchers, his recoveries. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Act v. Sc. 1. The general reader supposes, we believe, and very naturally, that here statutes means laws, Acts of Parliament concerning real estate. But, as Mr. Rushton remarks, Malone having explained the term before him, The statutes referred to by Hamlet are, doubtless, statutes merchant and statutes staple. And a statute merchant so called from the 13th Edward I, De mercatoribus was a bond acknowledged before one of the clerks of the statutes merchant, and the mayor, etc. , etc. A statute staple, properly so called, was a bond of record, acknowledged before the mayor of the staple, etc. , etc. Here we again have a law-term apparently so out of the ken of an unprofessional writer, that it would seem to flavor the Attorney and Solicitor theory. But let us see if the knowledge which its use implies was confined to Shakespeare among the dramatists of his time. In Fletchers Noble Gentleman, a comedy, first performed in 1625, we find a lady, sorely pushed for ready cash, crying out, Take up at any use: give bond, or land, Or mighty statutes, able by their strength To tie up Samson, were he now alive. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Act i. Sc. 1. And in Middletons Family of Love, where, by the way, the Free-Love folk of our own day may find their peculiar notions set forth and made the basis of the action, though the play was printed two hundred and fifty years ago we find a female free-loveyer thus teaching a mercantile brother of the family, that, although she has a sisterly disregard for some worldly restraints, she yet keeps an eye on the main chance: Tut, you are master Dryfab, the merchant: your skill is greater in cony-skins and woolpacks than in gentlemen. His lands be in statutes: you merchants were wont to be merchant staplers; but now gentlemen have gotten up the trade; for there is not one gentleman amongst twenty but his lands be engaged in twenty statutes staple. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Act i. Sc. 3. And in the very first speech of the first scene of the same play, the husband of this virtuous and careful dame says of the same Gerardine, who, as he is poor and a gentleman, it need hardly be said, is about the only honest man in the piece,ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?His lands be in statutes. And that poor debauchee, Robert Greene, who knew no more of law than be might have derived from such limited, though authentic information as to its powers over gentlemen who made debts without the intention of paying them, as he may have received at frequent unsolicited interviews with a sergeant or a bum-bailiff, has this passage in his Quip for an Upstart Courtier, 1592: The mercer he followeth the young upstart gentleman that bath no government of himself and feedeth his humour to go brave: he shall not want silks, sattins, velvets to pranke abroad in his pompe; but with this proviso, that he must bind over his land in a statute merchant or staple; and so at last forfeit all unto the merciless mercer, and leave himself never a foot of land in England. Very profound legal studies, therefore, cannot be predicated of Shakespeare on the ground of the knowledge which he has shown of this peculiar kind of statute. It is not surprising that both our legal Shakespearean commentators cite the following passage from As You Like It in support of their theory; for in it the word extent is used in a sense so purely technical, that not one in a thousand of Shakespeares lay readers nowadays would understand it without a note: Duke F. Well, push him out of doors, And let my officers of such a nature Make an extent upon his house and lands. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã ƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Act iii. Sc. 1. Extent, as Mr. Rushton remarks, is directed to the sheriff to seize and value lands and goods to the utmost extent; an extendi facias, as Lord Campbell authoritatively says, applying to the house and lands as a fieri facias would apply to goods and chattels, or a capias ad satisfaciendum to the person. But that John Fletcher knew, as well as my Lord Chief Justice, or Mr. Barrister Rushton, or even, perhaps, William Shakespeare, all the woes that followed an extent, the elder Mr. Weller at least would not have doubted, had he in the course of his literary leisure fallen upon the following passage in Wit Without Money 1630: Val. Mark me, widows Are long extents in law upon mens livings, Upon their bodies winding-sheets: they that enjoy em. Lie but with dead mens monuments, find beget Only their own ill epitaphs. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Act ii. Sc. 2. George Wilkins, too, the obscure author of The Miseries of Enforced Marriage, uses the term with as full an understanding, though not with so feeling an expression or so scandalous an illustration of it, in the following passage from the fifth act of that play, which was produced about 1605 or 1606: They are usurers; they come yawning for money; and the sheriff with them is come to serve an extent upon your land, and then seize your body by force of execution. Another seemingly recondite law-phrase used by Shakespeare, which Lord Campbell passes entirely by, though Mr. Rushton quotes three instances of it, is taken with the manner. This has nothing to do with good manners or ill manners; but, in the words of the old law-book before cited, is when a theefe hath stollen and is followed with hue and crie and taken, having that found about him which he stoleÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?that is called ye maynour. And so we commonly use to saye, when wee finde one doing of an unlawfull act, that we tooke him with the maynour or manner. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Termes de la Ley, 1595, fol. 126, b. Shakespeare, therefore, uses the phrase with perfect understanding, when he makes Prince Hal say to Bardolph, O villain, thou stolest a cup of sack eighteen years ago, and wert taken with the manner, and ever since thou hast blushed extempore. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?1 Henry IV. Act ii. Sc. 4. But so Fletcher uses the same phrase, and as correctly, when he makes Perez say to Estefania, in Rule a Wife and Have a Wife, How like a sheep-biting rogue, taken I the manner, And ready for the halter, dost thou look now! ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Act v. Sc. 4. But both Fletcher and Shakespeare, in their use of this phrase, unusual as it now seems to us, have only exemplified the custom referred to by our contemporary local authority,ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?And so we commonly use to saye, when wee finde one doing of an unlawfull act, that we tooke him with the maynour; though this must doubtless be understood to refer to persons of a certain degree of education and knowledge of the world. It seems, then, that the application of legal phraseology to the ordinary affairs of life was more common two hundred and fifty years ago than now; though even now-a-days it is much more generally used in the rural districts than persons who have not lived in them would suppose. There law shares with agriculture the function of providing those phrases of common conversation which, used figuratively at first, and often with poetic feeling, soon pass into mere thought-saving formulas of speech, and which in large cities are, chiefly drawn from tr ade and politics. And if in the use of the law-terms upon which we have remarked, which are the more, especially technical and remote from the language, of unprofessional life, among all those which occur in Shakespeares works, he was not singular, but, as we have seen, availed himself only of a knowledge which other contemporary poets and playwrights possessed, how much more easily might we show that those commoner legal words and phrases, to remarks upon Shakespeares use of which both the books before us and especially Lord Campbells are mainly devoted, judgment, fine, these presents, testaments, attorney, arbitrator, fees, bond, lease, pleading, arrest, session, mortgage, vouchers, indentures, assault, battery, dower, covenant, distrain, bail, non-suit, etc. , etc. , etc. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?words which everybody understandsÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?are scattered through all the literature of Shakespeares time, and, indeed, of all time since there were courts and suits at la w! Many of the passages which Lord Campbell cites as evidence of Shakespeares legal acquirements excite only a smile at the self-delusion of the critic who could regard them for a moment in that light. For instance, these lines in that most exquisite song in Measure for MeasureÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Take, oh, take those lips awayÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? But my kisses bring again Seals of love, but seald in vain and these from Venus and Adonis, Pure lips, sweet seals in my soft lips imprinted, What bargains may I make, still to be sealing! to which Mr. Rushton adds from Hamlet A combination and a form, indeed, Where every god did seem to set his seal. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Act iii. Sc. 4. Now must your conscience my acquittance seal. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Act iv. Sc. 7. And because indentures and deeds and covenants are scaled, these passages must be accepted as part of the evidence that Shakespeare narrowly escaped being made Lord High Chancellor of England It requires all the learning and the logic of a Lord Chief Justice and a London barrister to establish a connection between such premises and such a conclusion. And if Shakespeares lines smell of law, how strong is the odor of parchment and red tape in these, from Draytons Fourth Eclogue 1605: Kindnesse againe with kindnesse was repayd, And with sweet kisses couenants were sealed. We ask pardon of the reader for the production of contemporary evidence, that, in Shakespeares day, a knowledge of the significance and binding nature of a seal was not confined to him among poets; for surely a man must be both a lawyer and a Shakespearean commentator to forget that the use of seals is as old as the art of writing, and, perhaps, older, and that the practice has furnished a figure of speech to poets from the time when it was written, that out of the whirlwind Job heard, It is turned as clay to the seal, and probably from a period yet more remote. How does Act 3, scene 1 fit into the structure of 'Romeo and Juliet', and how does Shakespeare create dramatic tension in the scene? EssayBut, as far as regards its reference to a leaving of law for literature, it is clearly of general application. Nash says, It is a common practice, now-a-days, amongst a sort of shifting companions, etc. , to leave the trade of Noverint, whereto they were born, and busy themselves, etc. By the trade of Noverint be meant that of an attorney. The term was not uncommonly applied to members of that profession, because of the phrase, Noverint universi per presentes, Know all men by these presents, with which deeds, bonds, and many other legal instruments then began. And Nashs testimony accords with what we know of the social and literary history of the age. There was no regular army in Elizabeths time; and the younger sons of gentlemen and well-to-do yeomen, who received from their fathers little more than an education and a very small allowance, and who did not become either military or maritime adventurers, opening their oyster with a sword, entered the Church or the profession of the law in its higher or lower grade; and as at that period there was much more demand for lawyers and much less for clergymen than there is now, and the Church had ceased to be a stepping stone to political power and patronage, while the law had become more than ever before an avenue to fame, to fortune, and to rank, by far the greater number of these young gentlemen aspired to the woolsack. But then, as now, the early years of professional life were seasons of sharp trial and bitter disappointment. Necessity pressed sorely or pleasure wooed resistlessly, and the slender purse wasted rapidly away while the young attorney or barrister awaited the employment that did not come. He knew then, as now he knows, the rich mans scorn, the proud mans contumely; nay, he felt, as now he sometimes feels, the tooth of hunger gnawing through the principles and firm resolves that partition a life of honor and self-respect from one darkened by conscious loss of rectitude, if not by open shame. HappyÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?yet, perhaps, oh, unhappyÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?he who now in such a strait can wield the pen of a ready writer!  ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?for the press, perchance, may afford him a support which, though temporary and precarious, will hold him up until he can stand upon more stable ground. But in the reigns of Good Queen Bess and Gentle Jami e there was no press. There was, however, an incessant demand for new plays. Play-going was the chief intellectual recreation of that day for all classes, high and low. It filled the place of our newspapers, our books, our lectures, our concerts, our pictureseeing and, in a great measure, of our social gatherings and amusements, of whatever nature. It is hardly extravagant to say, that there were then more new plays produced in London in a month than there are now in Great Britain and the United States in a year. To play-writing, then, the needy young attorney or barrister possessed of literary talent turned his eyes at that day, as he does now to journalism; and it is almost beyond a doubt, that, of the multitudinous plays of that period which have survived and the thousands which have perished, a large proportion were produced by the younger sons of country gentlemen, who, after taking their degrees at Oxford or Cambridge, or breaking away from those classic bounds ungraduated, entered the Inns of Court, according to the custom of their day and their condition. They wrote plays in Latin, and even in English, for themselves to act; and they got the professional players to act popular plays for them on festal days. What more natural, then, than that those who had the ability and the need should seek to recruit their slender means by supplying the constant demand for new plays? and how inevitable that some of them, having been successful. n their dramatic efforts, should give themselves up to play-writing! As do the great, so will the small. What the Inns-of-Court man did, the attorney would try to do. The players, though they loved the patronage of a lord, were very democratic in the matter of playmaking. If a play filled the house, they did not trouble themselves about the social or professional rank of him who wrote it; and thus came about that common practice for shifting companions to leave the trade of Noverint and busy themselves with the endeavors of art; and hence it is that the plays of the period of which we are writing have, in many passages, so strong a tinge of law. One reason for the regarding of Nashs sneer as especially directed against Shakespeare is the occurrence in it of the phrase, whole HamletsÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?I should say, handfuls of tragical speeches, which has been looked upon as an allusion to Shakespeares great tragedy. But the earliest edition of Hamlet known was published in 1603, and even this is all imperfect and surreptitiously obtained copy of an early sketch of the play. That Shakespeare had written this tragedy in 1586, when he was but twenty-two years old, is improbable to the verge of impossibility; and Nashs allusion, if, indeed, he meant a punning sneer at a play, which is not certain, was, doubtless, to an old lost version of the Danish tragedy upon which Shakespeare built Hamlet. We have, then, direct contemporary testimony, that, at the period of Shakespeares entrance upon London ife, it was a common practice for those lawyers whom want of success or all unstable disposition impelled to a change in their avocation to devote themselves to writing or translating plays; and this statement is not only sustained by all that we know of the customs of the time to which it refers, but is strongly confirmed by the notably frequent occurrence of legal phrases in the dramatic literature of that age. But the question, then, arisesÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?and it is one which, under the, circumstances, must be answeredÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?To what must we attribute the fact, that, of all the plays that have come down to us, written between 1580 and 1620, Shakespeares are most noteworthy in this respect? For it is true, that, among all the dramatic writers of that period, whose works have survived, not one uses the phraseology of the law with the frequency, the freedom, and the correctness of Shakespeare. Beaumont, for instance, was a younger son of a Judge of the Common Pleas, and, following the common routine that we have noticed, after leaving the University, became an Inns-of-Court man, but soon abandoned law for literature; his friend and associate, Fletcher, was the son of a bishop, but had an uncle who was a lawyer and a diplomatist, and is himself believed to have been of the Inns of Court. Rich gleanings of law-terms might, therefore, be expected from the plays written by these dramatists; yet it may safely be asserted, that from. Shakespeares thirty-seven plays at least twice as many passages marked by legal phraseology might be produced, as from the fifty-four written by Beaumont and Fletcher, together or alone! a fact the great significance of which is heightened by anotherÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?that it is only the vocabulary of the law to the use of which Shakespeare exhibits this proclivity. He avails himself, it is true, of the peculiar language of the physician, the divine, the husbandman, the soldier, and the sailor; but he uses these only on very rare occasions, by way of description, comparison, or illustration, when something in the scene or the subject in hand suggests them. But the technical language of the law runs from his pen as part of his vocabulary and parcel of his thought. The word purchase, for instance, which in ordinary use means to acquire by giving value, in law applies to all legal modes of obtaining property, except inheritance of descent. And the word in this peculiar and most technical sense occurs five times in Shakespeares thirty-seven plays, but only in a single passage if our memory and Mr. Dyces notes serve us in the fifty-four plays of Beaumont and Fletcher. Equal, or greater, is the comparative frequency with which Shakespeare uses other legal phrases; and much wider is the, disparity, in this regard, between him and the other dramatic writers of his whole periodÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Marlowe, Greene, Peele, Kyd, Lilly, Chapman, Jonson, Middleton, Marston, Ford, Webster, Massinger, and the undistinguished crowd. These facts dispose in great measure of the plausible suggestion which has been madeÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?that, as the courts of law in Shakespeares time occupied public attention much more than they do at present, they having then regulated the season, as the sittings of Parliament not then frequent or stated do now,ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¡ they would naturally be frequented by the restless, inquiring spirits of the time, Shakespeare among them, and that there he and his fellow-dramatists picked up the law-phrases which they wove into their plays and poems. But if this view of the case were the correct one, we should not find that disparity in the use of legal phrases which we have just remarked. Shakespeares genius would manifest itself in the superior effect with which he used knowledge acquired in this manner; but his genius would not have led him to choose the dry and affected phraseology of the law as the vehicle of his flowing thought, and to use it so much oftener than any other of the numerous dramatists of his time, to all of whom the courts were as open as to him. And the suggestion which we are now considering fails in two other most important respects. For we do not find either that Shakespeares use of legal phrases increased with his opportunities of frequenting the courts of law, or that the law-phrases, his use of which is most noteworthy and of most importance in the consideration of the question before us, are those which he would have heard oftenest in the course of the ordinary business of the courts in his day. To look at the latter point first, the law-terms used by Shakespeare are generally not those which he would have heard in ordinary trials at nisi prius or before the Kings Bench, but such as refer to the tenure or transfer of real property, fine and recovery, statutes, purchase, indenture, tenure, double voucher, fee simple, fee farm, remainder, reversion, dower, forfeiture, etc. , etc. ; and it is important to remember that suits about the title to real estate are very much rarer in England than they are with us, and in England were very much rarer in Shakespeares time than they are now. Here we buy and sell houses and lands almost as we trade in corn and cotton; but in England the transfer of the title of a piece of real estate of any consequence is a serious and comparatively rare occurrence, that makes great work for attorneys and conveyancing counsel; and two hundred and fifty years ago the facilities in this respect were very much less than they are now. Shakespeare could hardly have picked up his conveyancers jargon by hanging round the courts of law; and we findÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?to return to the first objectionÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?that, in his early plays, written just after he arrived in London, he uses this peculiar phraseology just as freely and with as exact a knowledge as he displayed in after years, when on the supposition in question he must have become much more familiar with it. Shakespeares earliest work that has reached us is, doubtless, to be found in King Henry the Sixth, The Comedy of Errors, and Loves Labors Lost. In the very earliest form of Part II of the first-named play The First Part of the Contention betwixt the two Houses of York and Lancaster, to which Shakespeare was doubtless a contributor, the part of Cade being among his contributions we find him making Cade declare Act iv. Sc. 7 Men shall hold of me in capite; and we charge and command that wives be as free as heart can wis h or tongue can tell. Both the phrases that we have Italicized express tenures, and very uncommon tenures of land. In the Comedy of Errors, when Dromio of Syracuse says Theres no time for a man to recover his hair that grows bald by nature, his master replies, May he not do it by fine and recovery? Fine and recovery was a process by which, through a fictitious suit, a transfer was made of the title in an entailed estate. In Loves Labors Lost, almost without a doubt the first comedy that Shakespeare wrote, on Boyets offering to kiss Maria, Act ii. Sc. 1 she declines the salute, and says, My lips are no common, though several they be. This passageÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?an important one for his purposeÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Lord Campbell has passed by, as he has some others of nearly equal consequence. Marias allusion is plainly to tenancy in common by several i. e. , divided, distinct title. See Coke upon Littleton, Lib. iii. Cap. iv. See. 292. She means, that her lips are several as being two, and as she says in the next line as belonging in common to her fortunes and herselfÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?yet they were no common pasture. Here, then, is Shakespeare using the technical language of conveyancers in his earliest works, and before he had ha d much opportunity to haunt the courts of law in London, even could he have made such legal acquirements in those schools. We find, too, that he uses law-terms in general with frequency notably greaterÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?in an excess of three or four to oneÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?than any of the other playwrights of his day, when so many playwrights were or had been Noverints or of the Inns of Court; that this excess is not observable with regard to his use of the vocabulary peculiar to any other occupation or profession, even that of the actor, which we know that he practised for many years but that, on the contrary, although he uses other technical language correctly, he avails himself of that of any single art or occupation with great rarity, and only upon special occasions. Lord Campbell remarks, as to the correctness with which Shakespeare uses legal phrasesÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and this is a point upon which his Lordship speaks with authorityÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?that he is amazed by the accuracy and propriety with which they are introduced, and in another place adds that Shakespeare uniformly lays down good law; and it is not necessary to be a Chief Justice of the Queens Bench to know that his Lordship is fully justified in assuring us that there is nothing so dangerous as for one not of the craft to tamper with our free-masonry. Remembering, then, that genius, though it reveals general and even particular truths, and facilitates all acquirement, does not impart facts or the knowledge of technical terms, in what manner can we answer or set aside the question that we have partly stated beforeÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?How did it happen that in an age when it was a common practice for young attorneys and barristers to leave their profession and take to writing plays and poems, one playwright left upon his works a stronger, clearer, sharper legal stamp than we can detect upon those of any other, and that he used the very peculiar and, to a layman, incomprehensible language of the law of real property, as it then existed, in his very earliest plays, written soon after he, a raw, rustic youth, bred in a retired village, arrived in London? How did it happen that this playwright ell into the use of that technical phraseology, the proper employment of which, more than any other, demands special training, and that he availed himself of it with apparent unconsciousness, not only so much oftener than all of his contemporaries, but with such exact knowledge, that one who has passed a long life in the professional employment of it, speaking as it were officially from the eminent position which he has wonÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Lord CampbellÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?declares that, While novelists and dramatists are constantly making mistakes as to the law of marriage, of wills, and of inheritance, to Shakespeares law, lavishly as he propounds it, there can neither be demurrer, nor bill of exceptions, nor writ of error? Must we believe, that the man, who, among all the lawyer-playwrights of his day, showedÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?not, be it noticed as we are at present regarding his works the profoundest knowledge of the great principles of law and equity, although he did that tooÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?but the most complete mastery of the technical phrases, the jargon, of the law and of its most abstruse branchÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?that relating to real estateÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?and who used it very much the oftenest of them all, and with an air of as entire unconsciousness as if it were a part of the language of his daily life, making no mistakes that can be detected by a learned professional criticÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?must we believe that this man was distinguished among those play-writing lawyers, not only by his genius, but his lack of particular acquaintance with the law? Or shall we rather believe that the son of the High Bailiff of Stratford, whose father was well-to-do in the world, and who was a somewhat clever lad and ambitious withal, was allowed to commence his studies for a profession for which his cleverness fitted him and by which he might reasonably hope to rise at least to moderate wealth and distinction, and that he continued these studies until his fathers loss of property, aided, perhaps, by some of those acts of youthful indiscretion which clever lads as well as dull ones sometimes will commit, threw him upon his own resourcesÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?and that then, having townsmen, perhaps fellow-students and playfellows, among the actors in London, and having used his pen, as we may be sure he had, for other purposes than engrossing and drawing precedents, he, like so many others of his time, left his trade of Noverint and went up to the metropolis to busy himself with endeavors of art? One of these conclusions is in the fac e of reason, probability, and fact; the other in accordance with them all. But of how little real importance is it to establish the bare fact, that Shakespeare was an attorneys cleric before he was an actor! Suppose it proved, beyond a doubtÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?what have we learned? Nothing peculiar to Shakespeare; but merely what was equally true of thousands of other young men, his contemporaries, and hundreds of thousands, if not millions, of those of antecedent and succeeding generations. It has a naked material relation to the other fact, that he uses legal phrases oftener than any other dramatist or poet; but with his plastic power over those grotesque and rugged modes of speech it has nought to do whatever. That was his inborn mastery. Legal phrases did nothing for him; but he much for them. Chance cast their uncouth forms around him, and the golden overflow from the furnace of his glowing thought fell upon them, glorifying and enshielding them forever. It would have been the same with the lumber of any other craft; it was the same with that of many othersÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?the difference being only of quantity, and not of kind. How, then, would the certainty that he had been bred to the law help us to the knowledge of Shakespeares lifeÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?of what he did for himself, thought for himself, how he joyed, how he suffered, what he was? Would it help us to know what the Stratford boys thought of him and felt toward him who was to write Lear and Hamlet, or how the men of London rewarded him who was a-writing them? Not a whit. To prove the fact would merely satisfy sheer aimless, fruitless curiosity; and it is a source of some reasonable satisfaction to know that the very people who would be most interested in the perusal of a biography of Shakespeare made up of the relation of such facts are they who have least right to know anything about him. Of the hundreds of thousands of people who giggled through their senseless hour at the American CousinÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?a play which in language, in action, in character, presents no semblance to human life or human creatures, as they are found on any spot under the canopy, and which seems to have been written on the model of the Interlude of Pyramus and Thisbe, for, in all the play, there is not one word apt, one player fittedÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?of the people to whom this play owed its monstrous success, and who, for that very reason, it is safe to say, think Shakespeare a bore on the stage and off it, a goodly number would eagerly buy and read a book that told them when he went to bed and what he had for breakfast, and would pay a ready five-cent piece for a picture of him, as he appeared in the attorneys office, to preserve as a companion to the equally veritable portrait of the Hon. Daniel E. Sickles, as he appeared in prison. Nay, it must be confessed that there are some Shakespearean enthusiasts ever dabbling and gabbling about what they call Shakespeariana, who would give more for the pen with which he engrossed a deed or wrote Hamlet, than for the ability to understand better than they do or ever can, what he meant by that mysterious tragedy. Biography has its charms and its uses; but it is not by what we know of their bare external facts that Lives of great men all remind us We can make our lives sublime, And departing leave behind us Footprints on the sands, of time. What the readers of Shakespeare, who are worthy to know aught of him long to know, would have been the same, had he been bred lawyer, physician, soldier, or sailor. It is of his real life, not of its mere accidents, that they crave a knowledge; and of that life, it is to be feared, they will remain forever ignorant, unless he himself has written it.

Stewardship and Governance for Hospitality Industry- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theStewardship and Governance for Hospitality Industry. Answer: Introduction The study is basically focusing on the development of the stewardship model and its application in the hospitality industry. This stewardship model which is developed by Block has prime significance in the hospitality business. The study is also reflecting on the critical justification as ell the selection of this model as the most important model for providing high quality service in hospitality industry. The study also reflects on providing deep insights and knowledge on the stewardship model which might be applied in Victoria Hotel Melbourne which is initiated in this study as well. It should also be providing description of the potential benefits and the challenges to be faced by the Victoria Hotel Melbourne in the evaluation and the application of this model as well. It is also describing that how the stewardship model introduced by Block has been applied in this hotel so that this will help in providing value to the service and not on the self interests of the employees or the other stakeholders involved in the hospitality business. Critical Justification of the Stewardship Model Stewardship is defined as the set of principles and practices which is useful in dealing with the policies and procedures or the management practices with the string sense of ownership and responsibility for the final results to be illustrated. It is the idea of control which is given to the customers and developing self reliance on all whose lives should get affected by the business organizations (Ross et al., 2016). The stewardship focuses on four set of principles or practices which involves provides high quality service to the customers, service over the self interests, participation in a team and not by individuals and the accountability and responsibility for the final outcome to be reached by any individual in business organizations as well. The stewardship requires that the individuals should be the stewards of the region or community where they live in. They should be involved in bringing out sustainability for the business. They are to be selecting service over the self int erest. It is also seen that empowerment is required for the stewardship to be working effectively and its application in Victoria Hotel Melbournes as well. The individuals should be able to respond very well in the complex situation and they should be self motivated, accountable and will be talking own responsibilities to create the best place possible in the Victoria Hotel Melbourne as well. According to Ross et al. (2016) Block has introduced the stewardship model which is changing the way the individuals should be working in any Victoria Hotel Melbournes. It is obvious that the stewardship model has been replacing the leadership as leadership only vests power into one individual by another and that individual will not be able to get the value needed it. It is seen that leadership often goes bias for the low level employees of the individuals rather than the upper level employees (Ross et al., 2016). In case of stewardship there has been might change came over the control and governance of the Victoria Hotel Melbourne involved in the development of the proper operational setting as well. In accordance with Hernandez, (2012) leadership is closely associated with management which tells that how the employees and the other stakeholders in the business were closely involved in Victoria Hotel Melbourne. Knight Landres (2013) argued that management is not so much important b ut governance is very much essential in managing and controlling the interest and the expectations of the individuals as well. It is seen that the current organizational structure do not act like this way. The stewardship model is providing greater control over the employees who are communication or interacting more with the customers on a daily basis. In accordance with Hernandez (2012) the model introduced by Block is not so much concerned with the patriarchy concept where the all levels of the Victoria Hotel Melbournes should get involved in controlling, providing consistency and predictability for the achievement of the common goal. According to Fukuyama (2013) the stewardship model is trying to involve partnership rather than patriarchy. The partnership concept introduced by this model has the co0mmand and the control system to be properly im0lemnted which should be minimizing bureaucracy and reducing the overall costs and improved customer service as well for the customers in any Victoria Hotel Melbourne as well. Analysis of the potential benefits and challenges in evaluation of this model in Victoria Hotel Melbourne The potential benefits for the adoption of the stewardship model could be the excellent control and command over the purposes and the operations. The model also helps in making effective decision making and the achievement of the predetermined objectives are done at the best level possible (CH Chan Mak, 2014). This model also provides the benefit of reducing the power of bureaucracy which develops a strong and healthy work culture by which the employees and other stakeholders could be able to work in a comprehensive manner. According to Hernandez (2012) the model also has the benefit of introducing accountability in the decisions what the lower level employees make it and they were given much more stability and freedom to have their opinions to be raised as compared with the upper level management. The challenges for the evaluation of this block model could be that there is lowering of hold of the upper level management in Victoria Hotel Melbourne which might proved to be not good for the stability and flexibility as with leadership the upper level management of this hotel is vesting power on the lower rank employees and does not support them to provide high quality services (Parris Peachey, 2013). Application of Stewardship model in Victoria Hotel Melbourne Victoria Hotel Melbourne is one of the largest and reputed hotels in Australia. Victoria Hotel Melbourne has the aim of providing high quality service to the customers so that there is excellent customer satisfaction level to be introduced (ibis-styles-the-victoria.melbournetophotels, 2018). The stewardship model introduced by Peter Block indicates that if the lower level employees are more accountable and participate much more in the decision making process, then the customer satisfaction could be achieved easily (Brunner, 2015).It is aid that if the employees of lower ranks have the more command and control over the service then the customer value will be generated which is useful. The employees should be working in partnership for achievement of the common goal as well. This model will make the employees of Victoria Hotel Melbourne to be cynic and make it involved in taking biased decisions as the cynic in a group can affect the partnership goal of the other employees working in p artnership in Victoria Hotel Melbourne (Waters, Sevick Bortree TJ Tindall, 2013). So there are high levels of cynicism to be developed from the adoption of this model. This model also indicates that the Victoria Hotel Melbourne does not perceive the top down nature of the business and the organizations at that time could not be able to implement empowerment and personal accountability which will prove to be threatening for the lower level employees. This model also provides the benefit of making the lower rank employees to become much more result oriented as compared with the upper level management of any Victoria Hotel Melbourne as well (Parris Peachey, 2013). This model also provides the power of making much more contribution as a team rather than an individual working in any Victoria Hotel Melbourne. This indicates that the employees of the hotel should be working together in order to get quick and proper results of achieving the best quality services and increasing the market share in this competitive hospitality industry. This model also contributes in better exchange of information between the upper and the lower level management in any Victoria Hotel Melbourne. In accordance with Hernandez (2012) stewardship will help in developing accountability for the results without defining the purposes of the others, do not have to control others or take care of them as well. It is obvious that the control is laid only to those team members or the employees who do not have the priority of controlling others and who are involved greatly ion work. Stewardship always gives more reliability and freedom to each and every team members and other employees in the Victoria Hotel Melbourne to have high credentials and values in the opinions they serve and keep within themselves as well. According to Fukuyama (2013) stewardship should be able to provide care to the individuals without having any control mechanisms to be able to apply on it. The ownership and responsibility are the two main elements of stewardship which provides and brings in success at every level of this hotel. The current business model for Victoria Hotel Melbourne will be providing lesser control over the individuals who are interacting more often than not with the customers as well (Hernandez, 2012).The power actually vests on the line manager or the supervisor rather than on the employees which is not justified in this model introduced by Block. The is model is in relation with providing power more to the individuals having the lower ranks and think that they should be able to control and accountable of the decisions taken rather than the upper level management (Hernandez, 2012). Conclusion From the study it is evident that the idea of stewardship has its roots in the idea of religious and environmental stewardship. It is concluded that stewardship is generally a wide and innovative concept which does not have so much of significance existed in the business model of Victoria Hotel Melbourne. It concludes that command, control and accountability are the three elements of stewardship which provides better flexibility and stability in this hotel. References Brunner, O. (2015).Land and lordship: structures of governance in Medieval Austria. University of Pennsylvania Press. CH Chan, S., Mak, W. M. (2014). 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(2013). A systematic literature review of servant leadership theory in organizational contexts.Journal of business ethics,113(3), 377-393. Ross, A., Sherman, K. P., Snodgrass, J. G., Delcore, H. D., Sherman, R. (2016).Indigenous peoples and the collaborative stewardship of nature: knowledge binds and institutional conflicts. Routledge. Van Puyvelde, S., Caers, R., Du Bois, C., Jegers, M. (2012). The governance of nonprofit organizations: Integrating agency theory with stakeholder and stewardship theories.Nonprofit and voluntary sector quarterly,41(3), 431-451. Wilkinson, M. D., Dumontier, M., Aalbersberg, I. J., Appleton, G., Axton, M., Baak, A., ... Bouwman, J. (2016). The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship.Scientific data,3. Winson, S. (2017). Regulatory stewardship: voice of the regulator.Policy Quarterly,13(4).